> AI coding agents: see [/llms.txt](/llms.txt) for the full documentation index. Markdown version: [/docs/chemistry/zh/atomic-structure/electron-notation.md](/docs/chemistry/zh/atomic-structure/electron-notation.md). --- title: 电子排布式与轨道表示式 description: "介绍电子排布式、简化电子排布式和轨道表示式的概念、书写规则和意义，包括实例和价层电子轨道表示式表格。" --- ## 原子结构示意图、电子排布式、电子排布图 > 价层电子排布式书写规则是处于稳定状态的原子，核外电子将尽可能地按能量最低原理排布 | 核外电子排布的表示方法 | 意义 | 实例（以硫原子为例） | | :----------------------- | :------------------------------------------ | :----------------------------------------- | | 原子结构示意图 | 表示每个能层容纳的电子数 | ![](https://ptg90phsi6rf8j7h.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/chemistry/3.30.webp){style="height:50px"} | | 电子排布式 | 表示每个能级容纳的电子数 | $\ce{1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^4}$ | | 简化的电子排布式 | 前一周期稀有气体元素符号 $+$ 剩余电子排布式 | $\ce{[Ne] 3s^2 3p^4}$ | | 电子排布图（轨道表示式） | 表示每个原子轨道容纳的电子数 | ![](https://ptg90phsi6rf8j7h.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/chemistry/3.31.webp){style="height:50px"} | ## 孤电子对和价层电子对辨析 | 辨析对象 | 意义 | 实例 | | ---------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | 孤电子对 | 在分子或原子团中，未参与成键的成对价电子 | 如 $\ce{H2O}$ 中，中心 $\ce{O}$ 原子的6个价电子，2 个用于形成共价键，剩余的 4 个价电子即为水中氧原子的两个孤电子对 | | 价层电子对 | 在分子或原子团中，中心原子的价层电子对 = σ 键电子对 + 孤电子对 | 如 $\ce{H2O}$ 中，中心 $\ce{O}$ 原子的价层电子对 = 2 个 σ 键电子对 + 2 个孤电子对 = 4 | ## 部分元素电子排布式和价层电子轨道表示式 | 原子序数 | 元素名称 | 元素符号 | 电子（或简化电子）排布式 | 价层电子轨道表示式 | | -------- | -------- | --------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | 1 | 氢 | $\ce{H}$ | $1s^1$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \enspace } }\limits^{1s}$ | | 2 | 氦 | $\ce{He}$ | $1s^2$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \downarrow} }\limits^{1s}$ | | 3 | 锂 | $\ce{Li}$ | $1s^2 2s^1$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \enspace } }\limits^{2s}$ | | 4 | 铍 | $\ce{Be}$ | $1s^2 2s^2$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \downarrow } }\limits^{2s}$ | | 5 | 硼 | $\ce{B}$ | $1s^2 2s^2 2p^1$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \downarrow } }\limits^{2s} \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } } \boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } } }\limits^{2p}$ | | 6 | 碳 | $\ce{C}$ | $1s^2 2s^2 2p^2$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \downarrow } }\limits^{2s} \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } } }\limits^{2p}$ | | 7 | 氮 | $\ce{N}$ | $1s^2 2s^2 2p^3$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \downarrow } }\limits^{2s} \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace } }\limits^{2p}$ | | 10 | 氖 | $\ce{Ne}$ | $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \downarrow } }\limits^{2s} \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \downarrow } \boxed{\uparrow \downarrow } \boxed{\uparrow \downarrow } }\limits^{2p}$ | | 11 | 钠 | $\ce{Na}$ | $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \enspace } }\limits^{3s} $ | | 12 | 镁 | $\ce{Mg}$ | $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow}}\limits^{3s}$ | | 13 | 铝 | $\ce{Al}$ | $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^1$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow}}\limits^{3s}\; \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } } \boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } } }\limits^{3p}$ | | 14 | 硅 | $\ce{Si}$ | $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^2$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow}}\limits^{3s}\; \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } } }\limits^{3p}$ | | 18 | 氩 | $\ce{Ar}$ | $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow}}\limits^{3s}\; \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \downarrow } \boxed{\uparrow \downarrow } \boxed{\uparrow \downarrow } }\limits^{3p}$ | | 19 | 钾 | $\ce{K}$ | $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^1$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow}}\limits^{4s}$ | | 20 | 钙 | $\ce{Ca}$ | $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow}}\limits^{4s}$ | | 21 | 钪 | $\ce{Sc}$ | $[\ce{Ar}] 3d^1 4s^2$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } } \boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } }\boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } }\boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } } }\limits^{3d} \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow}}\limits^{4s}$ | | 22 | 钛 | $\ce{Ti}$ | $[\ce{Ar}] 3d^2 4s^2$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } }\boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } }\boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } } }\limits^{3d} \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow}}\limits^{4s}$ | | 23 | 钒 | $\ce{V}$ | $[\ce{Ar}] 3d^3 4s^2$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace }\boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } }\boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } } }\limits^{3d} \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow}}\limits^{4s}$ | | 24 \* | 铬 | $\ce{Cr}$ | $[\ce{Ar}] 3d^5 4s^1$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace }\boxed{\uparrow \enspace}\boxed{\uparrow \enspace} }\limits^{3d} \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow}}\limits^{4s}$ | | 25 | 锰 | $\ce{Mn}$ | $[\ce{Ar}] 3d^5 4s^2$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace }\boxed{\uparrow \enspace}\boxed{\uparrow \enspace} }\limits^{3d} \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow}}\limits^{4s}$ | | 26 | 铁 | $\ce{Fe}$ | $[\ce{Ar}] 3d^6 4s^2$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace }\boxed{\uparrow \enspace}\boxed{\uparrow \enspace} }\limits^{3d} \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow}}\limits^{4s}$ | | 27 | 钴 | $\ce{Co}$ | $[\ce{Ar}] 3d^7 4s^2$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow\downarrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace }\boxed{\uparrow \enspace}\boxed{\uparrow \enspace} }\limits^{3d} \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow}}\limits^{4s}$ | | 29 \* | 铜 | $\ce{Cu}$ | $[\ce{Ar}] 3d^{10} 4s^1$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow\downarrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow\downarrow \enspace }\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow \enspace}\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow \enspace} }\limits^{3d} \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow}}\limits^{4s}$ | | 30 | 锌 | $\ce{Zn}$ | $[\ce{Ar}] 3d^{10} 4s^2$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow\downarrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow\downarrow \enspace }\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow \enspace}\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow \enspace} }\limits^{3d} \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow}}\limits^{4s}$ | | 31 | 镓 | $\ce{Ga}$ | $[\ce{Ar}] 3d^{10} 4s^2 4p^1$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow}}\limits^{4s}\; \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } } \boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } } }\limits^{4p}$ | | 32 | 锗 | $\ce{Ge}$ | $[\ce{Ar}] 3d^{10} 4s^2 4p^2$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow}}\limits^{4s}\; \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\enspace^{\ ^{} }_{\ } } }\limits^{4p}$ | | 33 | 砷 | $\ce{As}$ | $[\ce{Ar}] 3d^{10} 4s^2 4p^3$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow}}\limits^{4s}\; \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace } \boxed{\uparrow \enspace } }\limits^{4p}$ | | 36 | 氪 | $\ce{Kr}$ | $[\ce{Ar}] 3d^{10} 4s^2 4p^6$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow\downarrow}}\limits^{4s}\; \mathop{\boxed{\uparrow \downarrow } \boxed{\uparrow \downarrow } \boxed{\uparrow \downarrow } }\limits^{4p}$ | | 37 | 铷 | $\ce{Rb}$ | $[\ce{Kr}] 5s^1$ | $\mathop{\boxed{\uparrow}}\limits^{5s}$ | > \*特殊情况：$\ce{Cr}:[\ce{Ar}]3d^54s^1$，$\ce{Cu}: [\ce{Ar}]3d^{10}4s^1$ ## 过渡金属阳离子 过渡金属阳离子失去电子时**从最外层电子开始失去**： - $\ce{Fe}: [\ce{Ar}] 3d^64s^2$ $\ce{Fe}^{2+}:[\ce{Ar}]3d^6$ $\ce{Fe}^{3+}:[\ce{Ar}]3d^5$ - $\ce{Cu}: [\ce{Ar}] 3d^{10}4s^1$ $\ce{Cu}^{+}:[\ce{Ar}]3d^{10}$ $\ce{Cu}^{2+}:[\ce{Ar}]3d^9$ - $\ce{Zn}: [\ce{Ar}] 3d^{10}4s^2$ $\ce{Zn}^{2+}:[\ce{Ar}]3d^{10}$