[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1094},["ShallowReactive",2],{"navigation_docs_chemistry_zh":3,"-docs-chemistry-zh-chemical-experiments-lab-procedures":305,"-docs-chemistry-zh-chemical-experiments-lab-procedures-surround":1089},[4,39,73,95,145,183,229,255,269,287],{"title":5,"icon":6,"path":7,"stem":8,"children":9,"page":38},"原子结构与元素性质","i-lucide-atom","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fatomic-structure","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F01.atomic-structure",[10,14,18,22,26,30,34],{"title":11,"path":12,"stem":13},"核外电子排布方式","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fatomic-structure\u002Felectron-configuration","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F01.atomic-structure\u002F1.electron-configuration",{"title":15,"path":16,"stem":17},"构造原理、泡利原理、洪特规则","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fatomic-structure\u002Faufbau-principle","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F01.atomic-structure\u002F2.aufbau-principle",{"title":19,"path":20,"stem":21},"电子排布式与轨道表示式","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fatomic-structure\u002Felectron-notation","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F01.atomic-structure\u002F3.electron-notation",{"title":23,"path":24,"stem":25},"原子结构 元素周期表","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fatomic-structure\u002Fperiodic-table","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F01.atomic-structure\u002F4.periodic-table",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"电离能 电负性 元素周期律","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fatomic-structure\u002Fionization-electronegativity","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F01.atomic-structure\u002F5.ionization-electronegativity",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"考点 · 元素周期律与元素推断","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fatomic-structure\u002Fperiodic-law-inference","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F01.atomic-structure\u002F6.periodic-law-inference",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"考点 · 中心原子杂化轨道类型判断方法总结","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fatomic-structure\u002Fhybridization-judgment","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F01.atomic-structure\u002F7.hybridization-judgment",false,{"title":40,"icon":41,"path":42,"stem":43,"children":44,"page":38},"微粒间作用力与物质性质","i-lucide-link","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Finterparticle-forces","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F02.interparticle-forces",[45,49,53,57,61,65,69],{"title":46,"path":47,"stem":48},"晶体与晶胞","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Finterparticle-forces\u002Fcrystals-unit-cells","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F02.interparticle-forces\u002F1.crystals-unit-cells",{"title":50,"path":51,"stem":52},"分子间作用力 分子晶体","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Finterparticle-forces\u002Fintermolecular-forces","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F02.interparticle-forces\u002F2.intermolecular-forces",{"title":54,"path":55,"stem":56},"共价键 共价晶体","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Finterparticle-forces\u002Fcovalent-bonds","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F02.interparticle-forces\u002F3.covalent-bonds",{"title":58,"path":59,"stem":60},"金属键 金属晶体","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Finterparticle-forces\u002Fmetallic-bonds","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F02.interparticle-forces\u002F4.metallic-bonds",{"title":62,"path":63,"stem":64},"离子键 离子晶体","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Finterparticle-forces\u002Fionic-bonds","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F02.interparticle-forces\u002F5.ionic-bonds",{"title":66,"path":67,"stem":68},"考点 · 化学键与相互作用力","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Finterparticle-forces\u002Fchemical-bonds","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F02.interparticle-forces\u002F6.chemical-bonds",{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},"考点 · 晶体结构","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Finterparticle-forces\u002Fcrystal-structures","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F02.interparticle-forces\u002F7.crystal-structures",{"title":74,"icon":75,"path":76,"stem":77,"children":78,"page":38},"分子空间结构与物质性质","i-lucide-box","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fmolecular-structure","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F03.molecular-structure",[79,83,87,91],{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"价层电子对互斥模型","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fmolecular-structure\u002Fvsepr-model","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F03.molecular-structure\u002F1.vsepr-model",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"杂化理论体系","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fmolecular-structure\u002Fhybridization-theory","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F03.molecular-structure\u002F2.hybridization-theory",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},"分子的极性 手性分子","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fmolecular-structure\u002Fmolecular-polarity","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F03.molecular-structure\u002F3.molecular-polarity",{"title":92,"path":93,"stem":94},"配合物与超分子","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fmolecular-structure\u002Fcoordination-compounds","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F03.molecular-structure\u002F4.coordination-compounds",{"title":96,"icon":97,"path":98,"stem":99,"children":100,"page":38},"有机化学基础","i-lucide-flask-conical","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Forganic-chemistry","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F04.organic-chemistry",[101,105,109,113,117,121,125,129,133,137,141],{"title":102,"path":103,"stem":104},"研究有机化合物的一般方法","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Forganic-chemistry\u002Forganic-research-methods","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F04.organic-chemistry\u002F1.organic-research-methods",{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"考点 · 有机反应类型梳理","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Forganic-chemistry\u002Forganic-reaction-types","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F04.organic-chemistry\u002F10.organic-reaction-types",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"考点 · 有机推断","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Forganic-chemistry\u002Forganic-deduction","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F04.organic-chemistry\u002F11.organic-deduction",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"有机化合物的结构","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Forganic-chemistry\u002Forganic-structure","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F04.organic-chemistry\u002F2.organic-structure",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},"有机化合物的分类和命名","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Forganic-chemistry\u002Forganic-classification","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F04.organic-chemistry\u002F3.organic-classification",{"title":122,"path":123,"stem":124},"烃","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Forganic-chemistry\u002Fhydrocarbons","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F04.organic-chemistry\u002F4.hydrocarbons",{"title":126,"path":127,"stem":128},"烃的衍生物","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Forganic-chemistry\u002Fhydrocarbon-derivatives","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F04.organic-chemistry\u002F5.hydrocarbon-derivatives",{"title":130,"path":131,"stem":132},"生物大分子","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Forganic-chemistry\u002Fbiomacromolecules","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F04.organic-chemistry\u002F6.biomacromolecules",{"title":134,"path":135,"stem":136},"化学品的合理使用","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Forganic-chemistry\u002Fchemical-safety","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F04.organic-chemistry\u002F7.chemical-safety",{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"合成高分子","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Forganic-chemistry\u002Fsynthetic-polymers","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F04.organic-chemistry\u002F8.synthetic-polymers",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"有机合成进阶","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Forganic-chemistry\u002Forganic-synthesis","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F04.organic-chemistry\u002F9.organic-synthesis",{"title":146,"icon":147,"path":148,"stem":149,"children":150,"page":38},"化学物质基本概念","i-lucide-beaker","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-concepts","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F05.chemical-concepts",[151,155,159,163,167,171,175,179],{"title":152,"path":153,"stem":154},"物质的组成与分类","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-concepts\u002Fmatter-classification","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F05.chemical-concepts\u002F1.matter-classification",{"title":156,"path":157,"stem":158},"物质的计量","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-concepts\u002Fstoichiometry","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F05.chemical-concepts\u002F2.stoichiometry",{"title":160,"path":161,"stem":162},"离子方程式","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-concepts\u002Fionic-reactions","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F05.chemical-concepts\u002F3.ionic-reactions",{"title":164,"path":165,"stem":166},"离子检验","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-concepts\u002Fion-coexistence","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F05.chemical-concepts\u002F4.ion-coexistence",{"title":168,"path":169,"stem":170},"氧化还原反应及其配平","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-concepts\u002Fredox-reactions","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F05.chemical-concepts\u002F5.redox-reactions",{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"化学常识","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-concepts\u002Fchemistry-common-sense","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F05.chemical-concepts\u002F6.chemistry-common-sense",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"化学与 STSE","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-concepts\u002Fchemistry-stse","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F05.chemical-concepts\u002F7.chemistry-stse",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},"考点 · 离子方程式正误判断","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-concepts\u002Fionic-equation-judgment","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F05.chemical-concepts\u002F8.ionic-equation-judgment",{"title":184,"icon":185,"path":186,"stem":187,"children":188,"page":38},"元素及其化合物","i-lucide-test-tubes","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Felements-compounds","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F06.elements-compounds",[189,193,197,201,205,209,213,217,221,225],{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"钠及其化合物","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Felements-compounds\u002Fsodium-compounds","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F06.elements-compounds\u002F1.sodium-compounds",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},"金属材料与金属矿物开发","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Felements-compounds\u002Fmetallic-materials","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F06.elements-compounds\u002F10.metallic-materials",{"title":198,"path":199,"stem":200},"铁及其化合物","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Felements-compounds\u002Firon-compounds","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F06.elements-compounds\u002F2.iron-compounds",{"title":202,"path":203,"stem":204},"铜及其化合物","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Felements-compounds\u002Fcopper-compounds","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F06.elements-compounds\u002F3.copper-compounds",{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"镁及其化合物","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Felements-compounds\u002Fmagnesium-compounds","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F06.elements-compounds\u002F4.magnesium-compounds",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"铝及其化合物","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Felements-compounds\u002Faluminum-compounds","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F06.elements-compounds\u002F5.aluminum-compounds",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"氯与卤族元素","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Felements-compounds\u002Fchlorine-halogens","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F06.elements-compounds\u002F6.chlorine-halogens",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},"氮及其化合物","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Felements-compounds\u002Fnitrogen-compounds","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F06.elements-compounds\u002F7.nitrogen-compounds",{"title":222,"path":223,"stem":224},"硫及其化合物","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Felements-compounds\u002Fsulfur-compounds","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F06.elements-compounds\u002F8.sulfur-compounds",{"title":226,"path":227,"stem":228},"硅及其化合物","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Felements-compounds\u002Fsilicon-compounds","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F06.elements-compounds\u002F9.silicon-compounds",{"title":230,"icon":231,"path":232,"stem":233,"children":234,"page":38},"化学实验","i-lucide-flame","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-experiments","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F07.chemical-experiments",[235,239,243,247,251],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},"实验仪器","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-experiments\u002Flab-equipment","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F07.chemical-experiments\u002F1.lab-equipment",{"title":240,"path":241,"stem":242},"实验过程","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-experiments\u002Flab-procedures","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F07.chemical-experiments\u002F2.lab-procedures",{"title":244,"path":245,"stem":246},"常见实验","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-experiments\u002Fcommon-experiments","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F07.chemical-experiments\u002F3.common-experiments",{"title":248,"path":249,"stem":250},"文字描述题模板","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-experiments\u002Fexam-templates","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F07.chemical-experiments\u002F4.exam-templates",{"title":252,"path":253,"stem":254},"考点 · 滴定实验","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-experiments\u002Ftitration","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F07.chemical-experiments\u002F5.titration",{"title":256,"icon":257,"path":258,"stem":259,"children":260,"page":38},"化学反应能量与速率","i-lucide-gauge","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Freaction-energy-rate","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F08.reaction-energy-rate",[261,265],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},"化学反应速率与限度","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Freaction-energy-rate\u002Freaction-rate-limits","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F08.reaction-energy-rate\u002F1.reaction-rate-limits",{"title":266,"path":267,"stem":268},"化学反应速率","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Freaction-energy-rate\u002Freaction-rate-advanced","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F08.reaction-energy-rate\u002F2.reaction-rate-advanced",{"title":270,"icon":271,"path":272,"stem":273,"children":274,"page":38},"化学平衡","i-lucide-scale","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-equilibrium","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F09.chemical-equilibrium",[275,279,283],{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"化学平衡状态","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-equilibrium\u002Fequilibrium-state","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F09.chemical-equilibrium\u002F1.equilibrium-state",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},"化学平衡常数知识点","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-equilibrium\u002Fequilibrium-constant","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F09.chemical-equilibrium\u002F2.equilibrium-constant",{"title":284,"path":285,"stem":286},"水溶液中的离子反应","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fchemical-equilibrium\u002Faqueous-ionic-reactions","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F09.chemical-equilibrium\u002F3.aqueous-ionic-reactions",{"title":288,"icon":289,"path":290,"stem":291,"children":292,"page":38},"化学反应的热效应","i-lucide-thermometer","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fthermochemistry","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F10.thermochemistry",[293,297,301],{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"反应热与焓变","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fthermochemistry\u002Freaction-heat-enthalpy","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F10.thermochemistry\u002F1.reaction-heat-enthalpy",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"热化学方程式","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fthermochemistry\u002Fthermochemical-equations","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F10.thermochemistry\u002F2.thermochemical-equations",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"盖斯定律","\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002Fthermochemistry\u002Fhess-law","docs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F10.thermochemistry\u002F3.hess-law",{"id":306,"title":240,"body":307,"config":1082,"description":1083,"extension":1084,"links":1082,"meta":1085,"navigation":1086,"path":241,"seo":1087,"stem":242,"__hash__":1088},"docs_chemistry_zh\u002Fdocs\u002Fchemistry\u002Fzh\u002F07.chemical-experiments\u002F2.lab-procedures.md",{"type":308,"value":309,"toc":1067},"minimark",[310,350,354,358,511,514,517,522,525,594,597,774,777,780,862,865,870,873],[311,312,313,320,323,326,331],"blockquote",{},[314,315,316],"p",{},[317,318,319],"strong",{},"实验基本过程",[314,321,322],{},"实验前：①仪器选择与组装；②仪器的检验；③通入气体；④试剂的填装；⑤点火",[314,324,325],{},"实验后：①先移走液面内部导管（防止倒吸液体进入装置）； ②关闭热源，停止反应； ③再停止通气（最后停止通气的常考目的：防止产物与空气接触） ④仪器的洗涤",[314,327,328],{},[317,329,330],{},"五个考察点",[332,333,334,338,341,344,347],"ol",{},[335,336,337],"li",{},"仪器选择与组装：①仪器规格选择、②仪器组装",[335,339,340],{},"仪器的检验：①检验是否漏水、②气密性检验",[335,342,343],{},"通入气体：①通气到何时停止、②通气的作用",[335,345,346],{},"试剂的填装：①试剂的取用、②试剂的存放",[335,348,349],{},"仪器的洗涤：①洗涤方法、②洗涤完成标志、③常见洗涤方法",[351,352,353],"h2",{"id":353},"仪器选择和组装",[355,356,357],"h3",{"id":357},"仪器规格的选择",[332,359,360,508],{},[335,361,362,363],{},"各类瓶瓶罐罐中液体体积范围：",[332,364,365,460],{},[335,366,367,368],{},"仪器不需加热时：占容积的 ",[369,370,374],"mjx-container",{"className":371,"jax":373},[372],"MathJax","SVG",[375,376,384],"svg",{"style":377,"xmlns":378,"width":379,"height":380,"role":381,"focusable":382,"viewBox":383},"vertical-align: -0.816ex;","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg","7.111ex","2.773ex","img","false","0 -864.9 3143.1 1225.5",[385,386,390],"g",{"stroke":387,"fill":387,"stroke-width":388,"transform":389},"currentColor","0","scale(1,-1)",[385,391,393,401,427,438,453],{"dataMmlNode":392},"math",[385,394,396],{"dataMmlNode":395},"mo",[397,398],"path",{"dataC":399,"d":400},"5B","M118 -250V750H255V710H158V-210H255V-250H118Z",[385,402,405,413,420],{"dataMmlNode":403,"transform":404},"mfrac","translate(278,0)",[385,406,409],{"dataMmlNode":407,"transform":408},"mn","translate(220,394) scale(0.707)",[397,410],{"dataC":411,"d":412},"31","M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z",[385,414,416],{"dataMmlNode":407,"transform":415},"translate(220,-345) scale(0.707)",[397,417],{"dataC":418,"d":419},"33","M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z",[421,422],"rect",{"width":423,"height":424,"x":425,"y":426},553.6,60,"120","220",[385,428,431],{"dataMmlNode":429,"transform":430},"mi","translate(1071.6,0)",[432,433,437],"text",{"dataVariant":434,"transform":389,"font-size":435,"font-family":436,"font-style":434},"italic","884px","serif","，",[385,439,441,447,451],{"dataMmlNode":403,"transform":440},"translate(2071.6,0)",[385,442,443],{"dataMmlNode":407,"transform":408},[397,444],{"dataC":445,"d":446},"32","M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z",[385,448,449],{"dataMmlNode":407,"transform":415},[397,450],{"dataC":418,"d":419},[421,452],{"width":423,"height":424,"x":425,"y":426},[385,454,456],{"dataMmlNode":395,"transform":455},"translate(2865.1,0)",[397,457],{"dataC":458,"d":459},"5D","M22 710V750H159V-250H22V-210H119V710H22Z",[335,461,462,463],{},"仪器需要加热时：占容积的 ",[369,464,466],{"className":465,"jax":373},[372],[375,467,468],{"style":377,"xmlns":378,"width":379,"height":380,"role":381,"focusable":382,"viewBox":383},[385,469,470],{"stroke":387,"fill":387,"stroke-width":388,"transform":389},[385,471,472,476,488,492,504],{"dataMmlNode":392},[385,473,474],{"dataMmlNode":395},[397,475],{"dataC":399,"d":400},[385,477,478,482,486],{"dataMmlNode":403,"transform":404},[385,479,480],{"dataMmlNode":407,"transform":408},[397,481],{"dataC":411,"d":412},[385,483,484],{"dataMmlNode":407,"transform":415},[397,485],{"dataC":418,"d":419},[421,487],{"width":423,"height":424,"x":425,"y":426},[385,489,490],{"dataMmlNode":429,"transform":430},[432,491,437],{"dataVariant":434,"transform":389,"font-size":435,"font-family":436,"font-style":434},[385,493,494,498,502],{"dataMmlNode":403,"transform":440},[385,495,496],{"dataMmlNode":407,"transform":408},[397,497],{"dataC":411,"d":412},[385,499,500],{"dataMmlNode":407,"transform":415},[397,501],{"dataC":445,"d":446},[421,503],{"width":423,"height":424,"x":425,"y":426},[385,505,506],{"dataMmlNode":395,"transform":455},[397,507],{"dataC":458,"d":459},[335,509,510],{},"量筒量取一定量的液体：应选取略大于所需液体体积的量筒。",[355,512,513],{"id":513},"仪器的组装",[314,515,516],{},"仪器组装：方向为“先下后上，从左到右”",[311,518,519],{},[314,520,521],{},"模块化装置的安装放在第三节",[351,523,524],{"id":524},"仪器的检验",[332,526,527,537],{},[335,528,529,530,533,534,536],{},"检验是否漏水（检漏）",[531,532],"br",{},"检漏方法：向分液漏斗中加入少量水，检查旋塞处是否漏水； 将漏斗倒转过来，检查玻璃塞是否漏水",[531,535],{},"（补充：在玻璃旋塞两端涂一薄层凡士林，插入塞窝转动，使之均匀，以防漏水）",[335,538,539,540,542,543],{},"气密性检验",[531,541],{},"无论采用哪种装置制取气体．在成套装置组装完毕、装入反应物之前，必须检验装置的气密性，以确保实验的顺利进行。装置气密性的检验，其原理通常是设法造成装置的不同部位有压强差，并产生某种明显的现象。在叙述上要注意细节描述的严密性",[544,545,546,560],"table",{},[547,548,549],"thead",{},[550,551,552,557],"tr",{},[553,554,556],"th",{"align":555},"center","步骤",[553,558,559],{"align":555},"具体方法",[561,562,563,575,586],"tbody",{},[550,564,565,572],{},[566,567,568,569,571],"td",{"align":555},"Step1：形成密闭\u002F封闭的体系",[531,570],{},"（活塞、弹簧夹、液封）",[566,573,574],{"align":555},"关闭：止水夹夹住导管\u002F关闭活塞；液封：导管末端浸入水中，加水至浸没导管",[550,576,577,580],{},[566,578,579],{"align":555},"Step2：①制造压强差；②描述产生的现象",[566,581,582,583,585],{"align":555},"①微热法：用手焐热\u002F酒精灯微热现象：加热气泡冒出，停止后倒吸水柱",[531,584],{},"②注水法：向漏斗注水现象：形成液柱不动\u002F液滴无法滴下",[550,587,588,591],{},[566,589,590],{"align":555},"Step3：一段时间后，现象保持不变",[566,592,593],{"align":555},"——",[351,595,596],{"id":596},"通入气体",[332,598,599,610],{},[335,600,601,602],{},"通气到什么时候为止",[332,603,604,607],{},[335,605,606],{},"水面下的导管，产生稳定气泡时；",[335,608,609],{},"xx 装置中充满 xx 气体（描述气体颜色特点）",[335,611,612,613],{},"通气的作用：本质是各种方式去“赶跑”装置内原有气体",[544,614,615,626],{},[547,616,617],{},[550,618,619,623],{},[553,620,622],{"align":621},"left","阶段",[553,624,625],{},"通气作用",[561,627,628,740,760],{},[550,629,630,633],{},[566,631,632],{"align":621},"实验前",[566,634,635,636,739],{},"排除装置中的空气，以免与空气中的 xx 发生反应（",[369,637,639],{"className":638,"jax":373},[372],[375,640,645],{"style":641,"xmlns":378,"width":642,"height":643,"role":381,"focusable":382,"viewBox":644},"vertical-align: -0.566ex;","13.836ex","2.262ex","0 -750 6115.7 1000",[385,646,647],{"stroke":387,"fill":387,"stroke-width":388,"transform":389},[385,648,649,671,682,691,714,721],{"dataMmlNode":392},[385,650,652,664],{"dataMmlNode":651},"msub",[385,653,656],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655},"TeXAtom","ORD",[385,657,658],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655},[385,659,660],{"dataMmlNode":429},[397,661],{"dataC":662,"d":663},"48","M128 622Q121 629 117 631T101 634T58 637H25V683H36Q57 680 180 680Q315 680 324 683H335V637H302Q262 636 251 634T233 622L232 500V378H517V622Q510 629 506 631T490 634T447 637H414V683H425Q446 680 569 680Q704 680 713 683H724V637H691Q651 636 640 634T622 622V61Q628 51 639 49T691 46H724V0H713Q692 3 569 3Q434 3 425 0H414V46H447Q489 47 498 49T517 61V332H232V197L233 61Q239 51 250 49T302 46H335V0H324Q303 3 180 3Q45 3 36 0H25V46H58Q100 47 109 49T128 61V622Z",[385,665,667],{"dataMmlNode":654,"transform":666,"dataMjxTexclass":655},"translate(783,-150) scale(0.707)",[385,668,669],{"dataMmlNode":407},[397,670],{"dataC":445,"d":446},[385,672,674],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655,"transform":673},"translate(1186.6,0)",[385,675,676],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655},[385,677,678],{"dataMmlNode":429},[397,679],{"dataC":680,"d":681},"4F","M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z",[385,683,685],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655,"transform":684},"translate(1964.6,0)",[385,686,687],{"dataMmlNode":395},[397,688],{"dataC":689,"d":690},"2F","M423 750Q432 750 438 744T444 730Q444 725 271 248T92 -240Q85 -250 75 -250Q68 -250 62 -245T56 -231Q56 -221 230 257T407 740Q411 750 423 750Z",[385,692,694,707],{"dataMmlNode":651,"transform":693},"translate(2464.6,0)",[385,695,696],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655},[385,697,698],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655},[385,699,700,704],{"dataMmlNode":429},[397,701],{"dataC":702,"d":703},"43","M56 342Q56 428 89 500T174 615T283 681T391 705Q394 705 400 705T408 704Q499 704 569 636L582 624L612 663Q639 700 643 704Q644 704 647 704T653 705H657Q660 705 666 699V419L660 413H626Q620 419 619 430Q610 512 571 572T476 651Q457 658 426 658Q322 658 252 588Q173 509 173 342Q173 221 211 151Q232 111 263 84T328 45T384 29T428 24Q517 24 571 93T626 244Q626 251 632 257H660L666 251V236Q661 133 590 56T403 -21Q262 -21 159 83T56 342Z",[397,705],{"dataC":680,"d":681,"transform":706},"translate(722,0)",[385,708,710],{"dataMmlNode":654,"transform":709,"dataMjxTexclass":655},"translate(1533,-150) scale(0.707)",[385,711,712],{"dataMmlNode":407},[397,713],{"dataC":445,"d":446},[385,715,717],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655,"transform":716},"translate(4401.1,0)",[385,718,719],{"dataMmlNode":395},[397,720],{"dataC":689,"d":690},[385,722,724,732],{"dataMmlNode":651,"transform":723},"translate(4901.1,0)",[385,725,726],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655},[385,727,728],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655},[385,729,730],{"dataMmlNode":429},[397,731],{"dataC":680,"d":681},[385,733,735],{"dataMmlNode":654,"transform":734,"dataMjxTexclass":655},"translate(811,-150) scale(0.707)",[385,736,737],{"dataMmlNode":407},[397,738],{"dataC":445,"d":446},"）",[550,741,742,745],{},[566,743,744],{"align":621},"实验中",[566,746,747,748,750,751,753,754,756,757,759],{},"①减小气体浓度，防止出现倒吸现象（特别是极易溶于水的气体）",[531,749],{},"②将 xx 气体充分排净\u002F将气体赶入 xx 装置",[531,752],{},"③提供惰性气体环境，防止反应物与空气反应",[531,755],{},"④减少定量实验误差",[531,758],{},"⑤增大压强，加快反应速率",[550,761,762,765],{},[566,763,764],{"align":621},"实验后",[566,766,767,768,770,771,773],{},"将气体全部吹入 xx 中充分吸收",[531,769],{},"①防止残留装置中造成污染",[531,772],{},"②减小定量实验的误差",[351,775,776],{"id":776},"填装物质",[355,778,779],{"id":779},"试剂取用",[544,781,782,797],{},[547,783,784,785],{},"\n  ",[550,786,787,788,787,790,787,794,784],{},"\n    ",[553,789],{},[553,791,793],{"colSpan":792},"3","固体药物",[553,795,796],{"colSpan":792},"液体药物",[561,798,784,799,784,821,784,844],{},[550,800,787,801,787,804,787,807,787,810,787,813,787,816,787,818,784],{},[566,802,803],{},"药瓶取用",[566,805,806],{},"粉末",[566,808,809],{},"块状",[566,811,812],{},"定量",[566,814,815],{},"少量滴加",[566,817,812],{},[566,819,820],{},"大量倾倒",[550,822,787,823,787,826,787,829,787,832,787,835,787,838,787,841,784],{},[566,824,825],{},"使用仪器",[566,827,828],{},"药匙",[566,830,831],{},"镊子",[566,833,834],{},"托盘天平",[566,836,837],{},"胶头滴管",[566,839,840],{},"量筒或滴定管",[566,842,843],{},"直接倾倒",[550,845,787,846,787,849,787,852,787,856,784],{},[566,847,848],{},"注意事项",[566,850,851],{"colSpan":792},"固体加入试管时：一横二放三慢竖",[566,853,855],{"colSpan":854},"2","竖直悬滴",[566,857,858,859,861],{},"倾倒口对口",[531,860],{},"标签对手心",[355,863,864],{"id":864},"试剂存放",[381,866],{"alt":867,"src":868,"style":869},"","https:\u002F\u002Fptg90phsi6rf8j7h.public.blob.vercel-storage.com\u002Fchemistry\u002F2.1.webp","zoom: 25%;",[351,871,872],{"id":872},"仪器洗涤",[332,874,875,889,892],{},[335,876,877,878],{},"基本方法：",[332,879,880,883,886],{},[335,881,882],{},"注入少量水振荡倒掉，冲洗外壁",[335,884,885],{},"若仍有污迹，用洗涤液处理后刷洗（洗涤液）",[335,887,888],{},"最后用蒸馏水冲洗。（滴定管还要润洗）",[335,890,891],{},"洗净的标准：内壁附着一层均匀的水膜，既不聚成水滴，也不成股流下",[335,893,894,895],{},"常考污渍的洗涤方法",[544,896,897,946],{},[547,898,899],{},[550,900,901,904,907,910,913,943],{},[553,902,903],{"align":555},"附着杂质",[553,905,906],{"align":621},"油污",[553,908,909],{"align":621},"银镜",[553,911,912],{"align":621},"硫磺、碘、磷",[553,914,915],{"align":621},[369,916,918],{"className":917,"jax":373},[372],[375,919,924],{"style":920,"xmlns":378,"width":921,"height":922,"role":381,"focusable":382,"viewBox":923},"vertical-align: -0.05ex;","4.652ex","1.645ex","0 -705 2056 727",[385,925,926],{"stroke":387,"fill":387,"stroke-width":388,"transform":389},[385,927,928],{"dataMmlNode":392},[385,929,930],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655},[385,931,932],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655},[385,933,934,936,940],{"dataMmlNode":429},[397,935],{"dataC":702,"d":703},[397,937],{"dataC":938,"d":939,"transform":706},"75","M383 58Q327 -10 256 -10H249Q124 -10 105 89Q104 96 103 226Q102 335 102 348T96 369Q86 385 36 385H25V408Q25 431 27 431L38 432Q48 433 67 434T105 436Q122 437 142 438T172 441T184 442H187V261Q188 77 190 64Q193 49 204 40Q224 26 264 26Q290 26 311 35T343 58T363 90T375 120T379 144Q379 145 379 161T380 201T380 248V315Q380 361 370 372T320 385H302V431Q304 431 378 436T457 442H464V264Q464 84 465 81Q468 61 479 55T524 46H542V0Q540 0 467 -5T390 -11H383V58Z",[397,941],{"dataC":680,"d":681,"transform":942},"translate(1278,0)",[553,944,945],{"align":621},"乙酸乙酯",[561,947,948],{},[550,949,950,953,956,959,995,1035],{},[566,951,952],{"align":555},"选择试剂",[566,954,955],{"align":621},"碱液",[566,957,958],{"align":621},"硝酸",[566,960,961],{"align":621},[369,962,964],{"className":963,"jax":373},[372],[375,965,970],{"style":966,"xmlns":378,"width":967,"height":968,"role":381,"focusable":382,"viewBox":969},"vertical-align: -0.339ex;","3.879ex","1.934ex","0 -705 1714.6 855",[385,971,972],{"stroke":387,"fill":387,"stroke-width":388,"transform":389},[385,973,974],{"dataMmlNode":392},[385,975,976,988],{"dataMmlNode":651},[385,977,978],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655},[385,979,980],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655},[385,981,982,984],{"dataMmlNode":429},[397,983],{"dataC":702,"d":703},[397,985],{"dataC":986,"d":987,"transform":706},"53","M55 507Q55 590 112 647T243 704H257Q342 704 405 641L426 672Q431 679 436 687T446 700L449 704Q450 704 453 704T459 705H463Q466 705 472 699V462L466 456H448Q437 456 435 459T430 479Q413 605 329 646Q292 662 254 662Q201 662 168 626T135 542Q135 508 152 480T200 435Q210 431 286 412T370 389Q427 367 463 314T500 191Q500 110 448 45T301 -21Q245 -21 201 -4T140 27L122 41Q118 36 107 21T87 -7T78 -21Q76 -22 68 -22H64Q61 -22 55 -16V101Q55 220 56 222Q58 227 76 227H89Q95 221 95 214Q95 182 105 151T139 90T205 42T305 24Q352 24 386 62T420 155Q420 198 398 233T340 281Q284 295 266 300Q261 301 239 306T206 314T174 325T141 343T112 367T85 402Q55 451 55 507Z",[385,989,991],{"dataMmlNode":654,"transform":990,"dataMjxTexclass":655},"translate(1311,-150) scale(0.707)",[385,992,993],{"dataMmlNode":407},[397,994],{"dataC":445,"d":446},[566,996,997],{"align":621},[369,998,1000],{"className":999,"jax":373},[372],[375,1001,1006],{"style":1002,"xmlns":378,"width":1003,"height":1004,"role":381,"focusable":382,"viewBox":1005},"vertical-align: -0.375ex;","6.142ex","1.97ex","0 -705 2714.6 870.6",[385,1007,1008],{"stroke":387,"fill":387,"stroke-width":388,"transform":389},[385,1009,1010],{"dataMmlNode":392},[385,1011,1012,1028],{"dataMmlNode":651},[385,1013,1014],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655},[385,1015,1016],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655},[385,1017,1018,1020,1025],{"dataMmlNode":429},[397,1019],{"dataC":662,"d":663},[397,1021],{"dataC":1022,"d":1023,"transform":1024},"4E","M42 46Q74 48 94 56T118 69T128 86V634H124Q114 637 52 637H25V683H232L235 680Q237 679 322 554T493 303L578 178V598Q572 608 568 613T544 627T492 637H475V683H483Q498 680 600 680Q706 680 715 683H724V637H707Q634 633 622 598L621 302V6L614 0H600Q585 0 582 3T481 150T282 443T171 605V345L172 86Q183 50 257 46H274V0H265Q250 3 150 3Q48 3 33 0H25V46H42Z","translate(750,0)",[397,1026],{"dataC":680,"d":681,"transform":1027},"translate(1500,0)",[385,1029,1031],{"dataMmlNode":654,"transform":1030,"dataMjxTexclass":655},"translate(2311,-150) scale(0.707)",[385,1032,1033],{"dataMmlNode":407},[397,1034],{"dataC":418,"d":419},[566,1036,1037,1066],{"align":621},[369,1038,1040],{"className":1039,"jax":373},[372],[375,1041,1044],{"style":920,"xmlns":378,"width":1042,"height":922,"role":381,"focusable":382,"viewBox":1043},"6.285ex","0 -705 2778 727",[385,1045,1046],{"stroke":387,"fill":387,"stroke-width":388,"transform":389},[385,1047,1048],{"dataMmlNode":392},[385,1049,1050],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655},[385,1051,1052],{"dataMmlNode":654,"dataMjxTexclass":655},[385,1053,1054,1056,1060,1063],{"dataMmlNode":429},[397,1055],{"dataC":1022,"d":1023},[397,1057],{"dataC":1058,"d":1059,"transform":1024},"61","M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z",[397,1061],{"dataC":680,"d":681,"transform":1062},"translate(1250,0)",[397,1064],{"dataC":662,"d":663,"transform":1065},"translate(2028,0)","（水解）或 酒精（互溶）",{"title":867,"searchDepth":1068,"depth":1068,"links":1069},2,[1070,1075,1076,1077,1081],{"id":353,"depth":1068,"text":353,"children":1071},[1072,1074],{"id":357,"depth":1073,"text":357},3,{"id":513,"depth":1073,"text":513},{"id":524,"depth":1068,"text":524},{"id":596,"depth":1068,"text":596},{"id":776,"depth":1068,"text":776,"children":1078},[1079,1080],{"id":779,"depth":1073,"text":779},{"id":864,"depth":1073,"text":864},{"id":872,"depth":1068,"text":872},null,"介绍化学实验的基本过程、仪器选择和组装、仪器的检验方法，以及通入气体和试剂填装的注意事项。","md",{},true,{"title":240,"description":1083},"mJGb2QI8Jt1hq8IVjrasq3HMJ9Ut5k3M9Y0SnWG1yUo",[1090,1092],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"description":1091,"children":-1},"介绍化学实验中的加热仪器如酒精灯、石棉网，以及可加热仪器如试管、蒸发皿、坩埚的使用方法和注意事项。",{"title":244,"path":245,"stem":246,"description":1093,"children":-1},"介绍常见化学实验如制备氯气、氨气、氯化铁的原理、装置、操作和注意事项。",1778558895631]