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682T483 682Q500 682 500 674Q500 669 497 660Q496 658 496 654T495 648T493 644T490 641T486 639T479 638T470 637T456 637Q416 636 405 634T387 623L306 305Q307 305 490 449T678 597Q692 611 692 620Q692 635 667 637Q651 637 651 648Q651 650 654 662T659 677Q662 682 676 682Q680 682 711 681T791 680Q814 680 839 681T869 682Q889 682 889 672Q889 650 881 642Q878 637 862 637Q787 632 726 586Q710 576 656 534T556 455L509 418L518 396Q527 374 546 329T581 244Q656 67 661 61Q663 59 666 57Q680 47 717 46H738Q744 38 744 37T741 19Q737 6 731 0H720Q680 3 625 3Q503 3 488 0H478Q472 6 472 9T474 27Q478 40 480 43T491 46H494Q544 46 544 71Q544 75 517 141T485 216L427 354L359 301L291 248L268 155Q245 63 245 58Q245 51 253 49T303 46H334Q340 37 340 35Q340 19 333 5Q328 0 317 0Q314 0 280 1T180 2Q118 2 85 2T49 1Q31 1 31 11Q31 13 34 25Q38 41 42 43T65 46Q92 46 125 49Q139 52 144 61Q147 65 216 339T285 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688T282 694Q294 694 294 686Q294 679 244 477Q194 279 194 272Q213 282 223 291Q247 309 292 354T362 415Q402 442 438 442Q468 442 485 423T503 369Q503 344 496 327T477 302T456 291T438 288Q418 288 406 299T394 328Q394 353 410 369T442 390L458 393Q446 405 434 405H430Q398 402 367 380T294 316T228 255Q230 254 243 252T267 246T293 238T320 224T342 206T359 180T365 147Q365 130 360 106T354 66Q354 26 381 26Q429 26 459 145Q461 153 479 153H483Q499 153 499 144Q499 139 496 130Q455 -11 378 -11Q333 -11 305 15T277 90Q277 108 280 121T283 145Q283 167 269 183T234 206T200 217T182 220H180Q168 178 159 139T145 81T136 44T129 20T122 7T111 -2Q98 -11 83 -11Q66 -11 57 -1T48 16Q48 26 85 176T158 471L195 616Q196 629 188 632T149 637H144Q134 637 131 637T124 640T121 647Z",[358,1473,1475],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1474},"translate(2021,0)",[370,1476],{"dataC":1477,"d":1478},"1D443","M287 628Q287 635 230 637Q206 637 199 638T192 648Q192 649 194 659Q200 679 203 681T397 683Q587 682 600 680Q664 669 707 631T751 530Q751 453 685 389Q616 321 507 303Q500 302 402 301H307L277 182Q247 66 247 59Q247 55 248 54T255 50T272 48T305 46H336Q342 37 342 35Q342 19 335 5Q330 0 319 0Q316 0 282 1T182 2Q120 2 87 2T51 1Q33 1 33 11Q33 13 36 25Q40 41 44 43T67 46Q94 46 127 49Q141 52 146 61Q149 65 218 339T287 628ZM645 554Q645 567 643 575T634 597T609 619T560 635Q553 636 480 637Q463 637 445 637T416 636T404 636Q391 635 386 627Q384 621 367 550T332 412T314 344Q314 342 395 342H407H430Q542 342 590 392Q617 419 631 471T645 554Z",[358,1480,1482],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1481},"translate(2772,0)",[370,1483],{"dataC":1484,"d":1485},"1D44E","M33 157Q33 258 109 349T280 441Q331 441 370 392Q386 422 416 422Q429 422 439 414T449 394Q449 381 412 234T374 68Q374 43 381 35T402 26Q411 27 422 35Q443 55 463 131Q469 151 473 152Q475 153 483 153H487Q506 153 506 144Q506 138 501 117T481 63T449 13Q436 0 417 -8Q409 -10 393 -10Q359 -10 336 5T306 36L300 51Q299 52 296 50Q294 48 292 46Q233 -10 172 -10Q117 -10 75 30T33 157ZM351 328Q351 334 346 350T323 385T277 405Q242 405 210 374T160 293Q131 214 119 129Q119 126 119 118T118 106Q118 61 136 44T179 26Q217 26 254 59T298 110Q300 114 325 217T351 328Z"," 条件下的标准值，单位是 ",[342,1488,1490],{"className":1489,"jax":346},[345],[348,1491,1495],{"style":350,"xmlns":351,"width":1492,"height":1493,"role":354,"focusable":355,"viewBox":1494},"10.236ex","1.937ex","0 -833.9 4524.1 855.9",[358,1496,1497],{"stroke":360,"fill":360,"stroke-width":361,"transform":362},[358,1498,1499,1503,1510,1517,1522,1527],{"dataMmlNode":365},[358,1500,1501],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,1502],{"dataC":1470,"d":1471},[358,1504,1506],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1505},"translate(521,0)",[370,1507],{"dataC":1508,"d":1509},"1D43D","M447 625Q447 637 354 637H329Q323 642 323 645T325 664Q329 677 335 683H352Q393 681 498 681Q541 681 568 681T605 682T619 682Q633 682 633 672Q633 670 630 658Q626 642 623 640T604 637Q552 637 545 623Q541 610 483 376Q420 128 419 127Q397 64 333 21T195 -22Q137 -22 97 8T57 88Q57 130 80 152T132 174Q177 174 182 130Q182 98 164 80T123 56Q115 54 115 53T122 44Q148 15 197 15Q235 15 271 47T324 130Q328 142 387 380T447 625Z",[358,1511,1513],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1512},"translate(1376.2,0)",[370,1514],{"dataC":1515,"d":1516},"22C5","M78 250Q78 274 95 292T138 310Q162 310 180 294T199 251Q199 226 182 208T139 190T96 207T78 250Z",[358,1518,1520],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1519},"translate(1876.4,0)",[370,1521],{"dataC":1385,"d":1386},[358,1523,1525],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1524},"translate(2754.4,0)",[370,1526],{"dataC":1392,"d":1393},[358,1528,1531,1535],{"dataMmlNode":1529,"transform":1530},"msup","translate(3239.4,0)",[358,1532,1533],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,1534],{"dataC":698,"d":699},[358,1536,1538,1542],{"dataMmlNode":1286,"transform":1537,"dataMjxTexclass":1287},"translate(331,363) scale(0.707)",[358,1539,1540],{"dataMmlNode":560},[370,1541],{"dataC":564,"d":565},[358,1543,1544],{"dataMmlNode":368,"transform":383},[370,1545],{"dataC":372,"d":373},[318,1547,1548,1549],{},"应用\n",[315,1550,1551,1557,1655],{},[318,1552,1553,1556],{},[321,1554,1555],{},"判断共价键的稳定性","\n原子间形成共价键时，原子轨道重叠程度越大，释放能量越多，所形成的共价键键能越大，共价键越稳定",[318,1558,1559,1562,1563],{},[321,1560,1561],{},"判断分子的稳定性","\n一般来说，结构相似的分子，共价键的键能越大，分子越稳定\n",[1081,1564,1565],{},[396,1566,1567,1568],{},"如分子的稳定性：",[342,1569,1571],{"className":1570,"jax":346},[345],[348,1572,1577],{"style":1573,"xmlns":351,"width":1574,"height":1575,"role":354,"focusable":355,"viewBox":1576},"vertical-align: -0.09ex;","25.054ex","1.686ex","0 -705 11073.7 745",[358,1578,1579],{"stroke":360,"fill":360,"stroke-width":361,"transform":362},[358,1580,1581,1585,1592,1599,1604,1609,1614,1619,1624,1631,1638,1643,1648],{"dataMmlNode":365},[358,1582,1583],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,1584],{"dataC":588,"d":589},[358,1586,1588],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1587},"translate(888,0)",[370,1589],{"dataC":1590,"d":1591},"1D439","M48 1Q31 1 31 11Q31 13 34 25Q38 41 42 43T65 46Q92 46 125 49Q139 52 144 61Q146 66 215 342T285 622Q285 629 281 629Q273 632 228 634H197Q191 640 191 642T193 659Q197 676 203 680H742Q749 676 749 669Q749 664 736 557T722 447Q720 440 702 440H690Q683 445 683 453Q683 454 686 477T689 530Q689 560 682 579T663 610T626 626T575 633T503 634H480Q398 633 393 631Q388 629 386 623Q385 622 352 492L320 363H375Q378 363 398 363T426 364T448 367T472 374T489 386Q502 398 511 419T524 457T529 475Q532 480 548 480H560Q567 475 567 470Q567 467 536 339T502 207Q500 200 482 200H470Q463 206 463 212Q463 215 468 234T473 274Q473 303 453 310T364 317H309L277 190Q245 66 245 60Q245 46 334 46H359Q365 40 365 39T363 19Q359 6 353 0H336Q295 2 185 2Q120 2 86 2T48 1Z",[358,1593,1595],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1594},"translate(1914.8,0)",[370,1596],{"dataC":1597,"d":1598},"3E","M84 520Q84 528 88 533T96 539L99 540Q106 540 253 471T544 334L687 265Q694 260 694 250T687 235Q685 233 395 96L107 -40H101Q83 -38 83 -20Q83 -19 83 -17Q82 -10 98 -1Q117 9 248 71Q326 108 378 132L626 250L378 368Q90 504 86 509Q84 513 84 520Z",[358,1600,1602],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1601},"translate(2970.6,0)",[370,1603],{"dataC":588,"d":589},[358,1605,1607],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1606},"translate(3858.6,0)",[370,1608],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[358,1610,1612],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1611},"translate(4618.6,0)",[370,1613],{"dataC":698,"d":699},[358,1615,1617],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1616},"translate(5194.3,0)",[370,1618],{"dataC":1597,"d":1598},[358,1620,1622],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1621},"translate(6250.1,0)",[370,1623],{"dataC":588,"d":589},[358,1625,1627],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1626},"translate(7138.1,0)",[370,1628],{"dataC":1629,"d":1630},"1D435","M231 637Q204 637 199 638T194 649Q194 676 205 682Q206 683 335 683Q594 683 608 681Q671 671 713 636T756 544Q756 480 698 429T565 360L555 357Q619 348 660 311T702 219Q702 146 630 78T453 1Q446 0 242 0Q42 0 39 2Q35 5 35 10Q35 17 37 24Q42 43 47 45Q51 46 62 46H68Q95 46 128 49Q142 52 147 61Q150 65 219 339T288 628Q288 635 231 637ZM649 544Q649 574 634 600T585 634Q578 636 493 637Q473 637 451 637T416 636H403Q388 635 384 626Q382 622 352 506Q352 503 351 500L320 374H401Q482 374 494 376Q554 386 601 434T649 544ZM595 229Q595 273 572 302T512 336Q506 337 429 337Q311 337 310 336Q310 334 293 263T258 122L240 52Q240 48 252 48T333 46Q422 46 429 47Q491 54 543 105T595 229Z",[358,1632,1634],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1633},"translate(7897.1,0)",[370,1635],{"dataC":1636,"d":1637},"1D45F","M21 287Q22 290 23 295T28 317T38 348T53 381T73 411T99 433T132 442Q161 442 183 430T214 408T225 388Q227 382 228 382T236 389Q284 441 347 441H350Q398 441 422 400Q430 381 430 363Q430 333 417 315T391 292T366 288Q346 288 334 299T322 328Q322 376 378 392Q356 405 342 405Q286 405 239 331Q229 315 224 298T190 165Q156 25 151 16Q138 -11 108 -11Q95 -11 87 -5T76 7T74 17Q74 30 114 189T154 366Q154 405 128 405Q107 405 92 377T68 316T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z",[358,1639,1641],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1640},"translate(8625.9,0)",[370,1642],{"dataC":1597,"d":1598},[358,1644,1646],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1645},"translate(9681.7,0)",[370,1647],{"dataC":588,"d":589},[358,1649,1651],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1650},"translate(10569.7,0)",[370,1652],{"dataC":1653,"d":1654},"1D43C","M43 1Q26 1 26 10Q26 12 29 24Q34 43 39 45Q42 46 54 46H60Q120 46 136 53Q137 53 138 54Q143 56 149 77T198 273Q210 318 216 344Q286 624 286 626Q284 630 284 631Q274 637 213 637H193Q184 643 189 662Q193 677 195 680T209 683H213Q285 681 359 681Q481 681 487 683H497Q504 676 504 672T501 655T494 639Q491 637 471 637Q440 637 407 634Q393 631 388 623Q381 609 337 432Q326 385 315 341Q245 65 245 59Q245 52 255 50T307 46H339Q345 38 345 37T342 19Q338 6 332 0H316Q279 2 179 2Q143 2 113 2T65 2T43 1Z",[318,1656,1657,1660],{},[321,1658,1659],{},"利用键能计算反应热",[342,1661,1663],{"className":1662,"jax":346},[345],[348,1664,1669],{"style":1665,"xmlns":351,"width":1666,"height":1667,"role":354,"focusable":355,"viewBox":1668},"vertical-align: -0.452ex;","36.952ex","2.149ex","0 -750 16333 950",[358,1670,1671],{"stroke":360,"fill":360,"stroke-width":361,"transform":362},[358,1672,1673,1679,1684,1691,1701,1707,1713,1719,1725,1731,1736,1742,1748,1753,1758,1763],{"dataMmlNode":365},[358,1674,1675],{"dataMmlNode":560},[370,1676],{"dataC":1677,"d":1678},"25B3","M75 0L72 2Q69 3 67 5T62 11T59 20Q59 24 62 30Q65 37 245 370T428 707Q428 708 430 710T436 714T444 716Q451 716 455 712Q459 710 644 368L828 27V20Q828 7 814 0H75ZM610 347L444 653Q443 653 278 347T113 40H775Q775 42 610 347Z",[358,1680,1682],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1681},"translate(889,0)",[370,1683],{"dataC":588,"d":589},[358,1685,1687],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1686},"translate(2054.8,0)",[370,1688],{"dataC":1689,"d":1690},"3D","M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z",[358,1692,1694],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1693},"translate(3110.6,0)",[1695,1696,1700],"text",{"dataVariant":1697,"transform":362,"font-size":1698,"font-family":1699},"normal","884px","serif","反",[358,1702,1704],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1703},"translate(4110.6,0)",[1695,1705,1706],{"dataVariant":1697,"transform":362,"font-size":1698,"font-family":1699},"应",[358,1708,1710],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1709},"translate(5110.6,0)",[1695,1711,1712],{"dataVariant":1697,"transform":362,"font-size":1698,"font-family":1699},"物",[358,1714,1716],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1715},"translate(6110.6,0)",[1695,1717,1718],{"dataVariant":1697,"transform":362,"font-size":1698,"font-family":1699},"总",[358,1720,1722],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1721},"translate(7110.6,0)",[1695,1723,1724],{"dataVariant":1697,"transform":362,"font-size":1698,"font-family":1699},"键",[358,1726,1728],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1727},"translate(8110.6,0)",[1695,1729,1730],{"dataVariant":1697,"transform":362,"font-size":1698,"font-family":1699},"能",[358,1732,1734],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1733},"translate(9332.8,0)",[370,1735],{"dataC":564,"d":565},[358,1737,1739],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1738},"translate(10333,0)",[1695,1740,1741],{"dataVariant":1697,"transform":362,"font-size":1698,"font-family":1699},"生",[358,1743,1745],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1744},"translate(11333,0)",[1695,1746,1747],{"dataVariant":1697,"transform":362,"font-size":1698,"font-family":1699},"成",[358,1749,1751],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1750},"translate(12333,0)",[1695,1752,1712],{"dataVariant":1697,"transform":362,"font-size":1698,"font-family":1699},[358,1754,1756],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1755},"translate(13333,0)",[1695,1757,1718],{"dataVariant":1697,"transform":362,"font-size":1698,"font-family":1699},[358,1759,1761],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1760},"translate(14333,0)",[1695,1762,1724],{"dataVariant":1697,"transform":362,"font-size":1698,"font-family":1699},[358,1764,1766],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1765},"translate(15333,0)",[1695,1767,1730],{"dataVariant":1697,"transform":362,"font-size":1698,"font-family":1699},[460,1769,1770],{"id":1770},"键长",[315,1772,1773,1778],{},[318,1774,1775,1777],{},[321,1776,323],{},"\n构成化学键的两个原子的核间距，因此原子半径决定共价键的键长，原子半径越小，共价键的键长越短",[318,1779,1780,1783,1784,1787,1788,1855,1856,1909,1918],{},[321,1781,1782],{},"应用","\n共价键的键长越短，",[321,1785,1786],{},"往往"," 键能越大，表明共价键越稳定，反之亦然 > 键长：",[342,1789,1791],{"className":1790,"jax":346},[345],[348,1792,1795],{"style":546,"xmlns":351,"width":1793,"height":673,"role":354,"focusable":355,"viewBox":1794},"25.151ex","0 -705 11116.7 787",[358,1796,1797],{"stroke":360,"fill":360,"stroke-width":361,"transform":362},[358,1798,1799,1803,1808,1813,1820,1825,1830,1835,1840,1845,1850],{"dataMmlNode":365},[358,1800,1801],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,1802],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[358,1804,1806],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1805},"translate(1037.8,0)",[370,1807],{"dataC":1143,"d":1144},[358,1809,1811],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1810},"translate(2093.6,0)",[370,1812],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[358,1814,1816],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1815},"translate(3131.3,0)",[370,1817],{"dataC":1818,"d":1819},"3C","M694 -11T694 -19T688 -33T678 -40Q671 -40 524 29T234 166L90 235Q83 240 83 250Q83 261 91 266Q664 540 678 540Q681 540 687 534T694 519T687 505Q686 504 417 376L151 250L417 124Q686 -4 687 -5Q694 -11 694 -19Z",[358,1821,1823],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1822},"translate(4187.1,0)",[370,1824],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[358,1826,1828],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1827},"translate(5224.9,0)",[370,1829],{"dataC":1689,"d":1690},[358,1831,1833],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1832},"translate(6280.7,0)",[370,1834],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[358,1836,1838],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1837},"translate(7318.4,0)",[370,1839],{"dataC":1818,"d":1819},[358,1841,1843],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1842},"translate(8374.2,0)",[370,1844],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[358,1846,1848],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1847},"translate(9356.4,0)",[370,1849],{"dataC":564,"d":565},[358,1851,1853],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1852},"translate(10356.7,0)",[370,1854],{"dataC":691,"d":692}," > 键能：",[342,1857,1859],{"className":1858,"jax":346},[345],[348,1860,1861],{"style":546,"xmlns":351,"width":1793,"height":673,"role":354,"focusable":355,"viewBox":1794},[358,1862,1863],{"stroke":360,"fill":360,"stroke-width":361,"transform":362},[358,1864,1865,1869,1873,1877,1881,1885,1889,1893,1897,1901,1905],{"dataMmlNode":365},[358,1866,1867],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,1868],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[358,1870,1871],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1805},[370,1872],{"dataC":1143,"d":1144},[358,1874,1875],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1810},[370,1876],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[358,1878,1879],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1815},[370,1880],{"dataC":1597,"d":1598},[358,1882,1883],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1822},[370,1884],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[358,1886,1887],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1827},[370,1888],{"dataC":1689,"d":1690},[358,1890,1891],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1832},[370,1892],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[358,1894,1895],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1837},[370,1896],{"dataC":1597,"d":1598},[358,1898,1899],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1842},[370,1900],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[358,1902,1903],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1847},[370,1904],{"dataC":564,"d":565},[358,1906,1907],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1852},[370,1908],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[1910,1911,1915],"pre",{"className":1912,"code":1914,"language":1695},[1913],"language-text","> 例外：（键氟三）\n> 键长：$F_2\u003CCl_2\u003CBr_2\u003CI_2$\n> 键能：$Cl_2>Br_2>F_2>I_2$\n\n> 注意：共价键的键能不一定能反映其熔沸点\n>\n> 例如：对 $\\ce{Cl2、Br2}$ ，有 键能：$\\ce{Cl-Cl>Br-Br}$，但不能就此认为 沸点 $\\ce{Cl2、Br2}$ ，因为两者都是分子晶体\n\n> 特殊：键长（$C-C$）$C_6H_6 \u003C C_2H_6$\n>\n",[1916,1917,1914],"code",{"__ignoreMap":400},[1081,1919,1920],{},[396,1921,1922,1923],{},"共价半径、范德华半径：两核间距离的一半\n",[354,1924],{"alt":400,"src":1925,"style":1926},"https:\u002F\u002Fptg90phsi6rf8j7h.public.blob.vercel-storage.com\u002Fchemistry\u002F3.10.webp","width:150px",[460,1928,1929],{"id":1929},"键角",[315,1931,1932,1937,1946],{},[318,1933,1934,1936],{},[321,1935,323],{},"：在多原子分子中，两个相邻共价键之间的夹角",[318,1938,1939,1941,1942],{},[321,1940,1782],{},"：在多原子分子中键角是一定的，这表明共价键具有方向性，因此键角影响着共价分子的空间结构\n",[354,1943],{"alt":400,"src":1944,"style":1945},"https:\u002F\u002Fptg90phsi6rf8j7h.public.blob.vercel-storage.com\u002Fchemistry\u002F3.9.webp","width:420px",[318,1947,1948,1951,1952],{},[321,1949,1950],{},"知识点","：\n",[315,1953,1954,2146,2234,2390,2558,2663],{},[318,1955,1956,1957],{},"杂化类型: ",[342,1958,1960],{"className":1959,"jax":346},[345],[348,1961,1965],{"style":1665,"xmlns":351,"width":1962,"height":1963,"role":354,"focusable":355,"viewBox":1964},"40.677ex","2.339ex","0 -833.9 17979.4 1033.9",[358,1966,1967],{"stroke":360,"fill":360,"stroke-width":361,"transform":362},[358,1968,1969,1973,1987,1994,1999,2004,2020,2027,2032,2045,2050,2055,2060,2073,2078,2083,2098,2103,2108,2113,2126,2131],{"dataMmlNode":365},[358,1970,1971],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,1972],{"dataC":442,"d":443},[358,1974,1976,1980],{"dataMmlNode":1529,"transform":1975},"translate(469,0)",[358,1977,1978],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,1979],{"dataC":525,"d":526},[358,1981,1983],{"dataMmlNode":1286,"transform":1982,"dataMjxTexclass":1287},"translate(536,363) scale(0.707)",[358,1984,1985],{"dataMmlNode":368},[370,1986],{"dataC":372,"d":373},[358,1988,1990],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":1989},"translate(1686.3,0)",[370,1991],{"dataC":1992,"d":1993},"2192","M56 237T56 250T70 270H835Q719 357 692 493Q692 494 692 496T691 499Q691 511 708 511H711Q720 511 723 510T729 506T732 497T735 481T743 456Q765 389 816 336T935 261Q944 258 944 250Q944 244 939 241T915 231T877 212Q836 186 806 152T761 85T740 35T732 4Q730 -6 727 -8T711 -11Q691 -11 691 0Q691 7 696 25Q728 151 835 230H70Q56 237 56 250Z",[358,1995,1997],{"dataMmlNode":368,"transform":1996},"translate(2964.1,0)",[370,1998],{"dataC":372,"d":373},[358,2000,2002],{"dataMmlNode":368,"transform":2001},"translate(3464.1,0)",[370,2003],{"dataC":1422,"d":1423},[358,2005,2007,2011],{"dataMmlNode":1529,"transform":2006},"translate(3964.1,0)",[358,2008,2009],{"dataMmlNode":368},[370,2010],{"dataC":1462,"d":1463},[358,2012,2014],{"dataMmlNode":1286,"transform":2013,"dataMjxTexclass":1287},"translate(533,363) scale(0.707)",[358,2015,2016],{"dataMmlNode":560},[370,2017],{"dataC":2018,"d":2019},"2218","M55 251Q55 328 112 386T249 444T386 388T444 249Q444 171 388 113T250 55Q170 55 113 112T55 251ZM245 403Q188 403 142 361T96 250Q96 183 141 140T250 96Q284 96 313 109T354 135T375 160Q403 197 403 250Q403 313 360 358T245 403Z",[358,2021,2023],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":2022},"translate(4900.7,0)",[1695,2024,2026],{"dataVariant":2025,"transform":362,"font-size":1698,"font-family":1699,"font-style":2025},"italic","，",[358,2028,2030],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":2029},"translate(5900.7,0)",[370,2031],{"dataC":442,"d":443},[358,2033,2035,2039],{"dataMmlNode":1529,"transform":2034},"translate(6369.7,0)",[358,2036,2037],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,2038],{"dataC":525,"d":526},[358,2040,2041],{"dataMmlNode":1286,"transform":1982,"dataMjxTexclass":1287},[358,2042,2043],{"dataMmlNode":368},[370,2044],{"dataC":1115,"d":1116},[358,2046,2048],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":2047},"translate(7587,0)",[370,2049],{"dataC":1992,"d":1993},[358,2051,2053],{"dataMmlNode":368,"transform":2052},"translate(8864.8,0)",[370,2054],{"dataC":372,"d":373},[358,2056,2058],{"dataMmlNode":368,"transform":2057},"translate(9364.8,0)",[370,2059],{"dataC":1115,"d":1116},[358,2061,2063,2067],{"dataMmlNode":1529,"transform":2062},"translate(9864.8,0)",[358,2064,2065],{"dataMmlNode":368},[370,2066],{"dataC":1462,"d":1463},[358,2068,2069],{"dataMmlNode":1286,"transform":2013,"dataMjxTexclass":1287},[358,2070,2071],{"dataMmlNode":560},[370,2072],{"dataC":2018,"d":2019},[358,2074,2076],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":2075},"translate(10801.3,0)",[1695,2077,2026],{"dataVariant":2025,"transform":362,"font-size":1698,"font-family":1699,"font-style":2025},[358,2079,2081],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":2080},"translate(11801.3,0)",[370,2082],{"dataC":442,"d":443},[358,2084,2086,2090],{"dataMmlNode":1529,"transform":2085},"translate(12270.3,0)",[358,2087,2088],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,2089],{"dataC":525,"d":526},[358,2091,2092],{"dataMmlNode":1286,"transform":1982,"dataMjxTexclass":1287},[358,2093,2094],{"dataMmlNode":368},[370,2095],{"dataC":2096,"d":2097},"33","M127 463Q100 463 85 480T69 524Q69 579 117 622T233 665Q268 665 277 664Q351 652 390 611T430 522Q430 470 396 421T302 350L299 348Q299 347 308 345T337 336T375 315Q457 262 457 175Q457 96 395 37T238 -22Q158 -22 100 21T42 130Q42 158 60 175T105 193Q133 193 151 175T169 130Q169 119 166 110T159 94T148 82T136 74T126 70T118 67L114 66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z",[358,2099,2101],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":2100},"translate(13487.7,0)",[370,2102],{"dataC":1992,"d":1993},[358,2104,2106],{"dataMmlNode":368,"transform":2105},"translate(14765.4,0)",[370,2107],{"dataC":372,"d":373},[358,2109,2111],{"dataMmlNode":368,"transform":2110},"translate(15265.4,0)",[370,2112],{"dataC":1462,"d":1463},[358,2114,2116,2120],{"dataMmlNode":1529,"transform":2115},"translate(15765.4,0)",[358,2117,2118],{"dataMmlNode":368},[370,2119],{"dataC":1418,"d":1419},[358,2121,2122],{"dataMmlNode":1286,"transform":2013,"dataMjxTexclass":1287},[358,2123,2124],{"dataMmlNode":560},[370,2125],{"dataC":2018,"d":2019},[358,2127,2129],{"dataMmlNode":368,"transform":2128},"translate(16702,0)",[370,2130],{"dataC":1115,"d":1116},[358,2132,2134,2138],{"dataMmlNode":1529,"transform":2133},"translate(17202,0)",[358,2135,2136],{"dataMmlNode":368},[370,2137],{"dataC":1422,"d":1423},[358,2139,2140],{"dataMmlNode":1286,"transform":2013,"dataMjxTexclass":1287},[358,2141,2142],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,2143],{"dataC":2144,"d":2145},"2032","M79 43Q73 43 52 49T30 61Q30 68 85 293T146 528Q161 560 198 560Q218 560 240 545T262 501Q262 496 260 486Q259 479 173 263T84 45T79 43Z",[318,2147,2148,2149],{},"中心原子存在孤电子对，对成键电子对有较大的排斥力，键角减小（半径相等时孤对电子分割更多圆周角）\n",[1081,2150,2151],{},[396,2152,2153,2154],{},"例: ",[342,2155,2157],{"className":2156,"jax":346},[345],[348,2158,2163],{"style":2159,"xmlns":351,"width":2160,"height":2161,"role":354,"focusable":355,"viewBox":2162},"vertical-align: -0.375ex;","20.092ex","1.97ex","0 -705 8880.8 870.6",[358,2164,2165],{"stroke":360,"fill":360,"stroke-width":361,"transform":362},[358,2166,2167,2171,2186,2191,2196,2209,2214,2227],{"dataMmlNode":365},[358,2168,2169],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,2170],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[358,2172,2173,2177],{"dataMmlNode":1103,"transform":781},[358,2174,2175],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,2176],{"dataC":588,"d":589},[358,2178,2180],{"dataMmlNode":1286,"transform":2179,"dataMjxTexclass":1287},"translate(864,-150) scale(0.707)",[358,2181,2182],{"dataMmlNode":368},[370,2183],{"dataC":2184,"d":2185},"34","M462 0Q444 3 333 3Q217 3 199 0H190V46H221Q241 46 248 46T265 48T279 53T286 61Q287 63 287 115V165H28V211L179 442Q332 674 334 675Q336 677 355 677H373L379 671V211H471V165H379V114Q379 73 379 66T385 54Q393 47 442 46H471V0H462ZM293 211V545L74 212L183 211H293Z",[358,2187,2189],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":2188},"translate(2305.3,0)",[370,2190],{"dataC":1597,"d":1598},[358,2192,2194],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":2193},"translate(3361.1,0)",[370,2195],{"dataC":1108,"d":1109},[358,2197,2199,2203],{"dataMmlNode":1103,"transform":2198},"translate(4249.1,0)",[358,2200,2201],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,2202],{"dataC":588,"d":589},[358,2204,2205],{"dataMmlNode":1286,"transform":2179,"dataMjxTexclass":1287},[358,2206,2207],{"dataMmlNode":368},[370,2208],{"dataC":2096,"d":2097},[358,2210,2212],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":2211},"translate(5794.4,0)",[370,2213],{"dataC":1597,"d":1598},[358,2215,2217,2221],{"dataMmlNode":1103,"transform":2216},"translate(6850.2,0)",[358,2218,2219],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,2220],{"dataC":588,"d":589},[358,2222,2223],{"dataMmlNode":1286,"transform":2179,"dataMjxTexclass":1287},[358,2224,2225],{"dataMmlNode":368},[370,2226],{"dataC":1115,"d":1116},[358,2228,2230],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":2229},"translate(8117.8,0)",[370,2231],{"dataC":2232,"d":2233},"1D442","M740 435Q740 320 676 213T511 42T304 -22Q207 -22 138 35T51 201Q50 209 50 244Q50 346 98 438T227 601Q351 704 476 704Q514 704 524 703Q621 689 680 617T740 435ZM637 476Q637 565 591 615T476 665Q396 665 322 605Q242 542 200 428T157 216Q157 126 200 73T314 19Q404 19 485 98T608 313Q637 408 637 476Z",[318,2235,2236,2237],{},"（影响较小）双键对单键有较大的排斥力，单键键角减小（半径相等时双键分割更多圆周角）\n",[1081,2238,2239],{},[396,2240,2153,2241,2280,2281,2297,2298],{},[342,2242,2244],{"className":2243,"jax":346},[345],[348,2245,2249],{"style":1093,"xmlns":351,"width":2246,"height":2247,"role":354,"focusable":355,"viewBox":2248},"6.827ex","1.934ex","0 -705 3017.6 855",[358,2250,2251],{"stroke":360,"fill":360,"stroke-width":361,"transform":362},[358,2252,2253,2257,2261,2266],{"dataMmlNode":365},[358,2254,2255],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,2256],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[358,2258,2259],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":781},[370,2260],{"dataC":2232,"d":2233},[358,2262,2264],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":2263},"translate(1523,0)",[370,2265],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[358,2267,2269,2273],{"dataMmlNode":1103,"transform":2268},"translate(2283,0)",[358,2270,2271],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,2272],{"dataC":698,"d":699},[358,2274,2276],{"dataMmlNode":1286,"transform":2275,"dataMjxTexclass":1287},"translate(331,-150) scale(0.707)",[358,2277,2278],{"dataMmlNode":368},[370,2279],{"dataC":1115,"d":1116}," 中 ",[342,2282,2284],{"className":2283,"jax":346},[345],[348,2285,2289],{"style":350,"xmlns":351,"width":2286,"height":2287,"role":354,"focusable":355,"viewBox":2288},"1.719ex","1.645ex","0 -705 760 727",[358,2290,2291],{"stroke":360,"fill":360,"stroke-width":361,"transform":362},[358,2292,2293],{"dataMmlNode":365},[358,2294,2295],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,2296],{"dataC":691,"d":692}," 为中心原子，",[342,2299,2301],{"className":2300,"jax":346},[345],[348,2302,2305],{"style":546,"xmlns":351,"width":2303,"height":673,"role":354,"focusable":355,"viewBox":2304},"29.693ex","0 -705 13124.3 787",[358,2306,2307],{"stroke":360,"fill":360,"stroke-width":361,"transform":362},[358,2308,2309,2315,2320,2325,2330,2335,2340,2345,2350,2355,2360,2365,2370,2375,2380,2385],{"dataMmlNode":365},[358,2310,2311],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,2312],{"dataC":2313,"d":2314},"2220","M71 0L68 2Q65 3 63 5T58 11T55 20Q55 22 57 28Q67 43 346 361Q397 420 474 508Q595 648 616 671T647 694T661 688T666 674Q666 668 663 663Q662 662 627 622T524 503T390 350L120 41L386 40H653Q666 30 666 20Q666 8 651 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687",[358,4295,4296],{"stroke":360,"fill":360,"stroke-width":361,"transform":362},[358,4297,4298],{"dataMmlNode":365},[358,4299,4300],{"dataMmlNode":368},[370,4301],{"dataC":2096,"d":2097}," 个碳原子相连，形成平面六元并环结构。层中 ",[342,4304,4306],{"className":4305,"jax":346},[345],[348,4307,4308],{"style":546,"xmlns":351,"width":3449,"height":673,"role":354,"focusable":355,"viewBox":3450},[358,4309,4310],{"stroke":360,"fill":360,"stroke-width":361,"transform":362},[358,4311,4312,4316,4320],{"dataMmlNode":365},[358,4313,4314],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,4315],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[358,4317,4318],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":3196},[370,4319],{"dataC":564,"d":565},[358,4321,4322],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":3201},[370,4323],{"dataC":691,"d":692}," 键的键长( ",[342,4326,4328],{"className":4327,"jax":346},[345],[348,4329,4333],{"style":513,"xmlns":351,"width":4330,"height":4331,"role":354,"focusable":355,"viewBox":4332},"6.518ex","1.971ex","0 -677 2881 871",[358,4334,4335],{"stroke":360,"fill":360,"stroke-width":361,"transform":362},[358,4336,4337,4345,4349],{"dataMmlNode":365},[358,4338,4339,4341,4343],{"dataMmlNode":368},[370,4340],{"dataC":372,"d":373},[370,4342],{"dataC":2184,"d":2185,"transform":378},[370,4344],{"dataC":1115,"d":1116,"transform":1424},[358,4346,4347],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":1427},[370,4348],{"dataC":525,"d":526},[358,4350,4352],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":4351},"translate(2003,0)",[370,4353],{"dataC":1385,"d":1386}," )、键角( ",[342,4356,4358],{"className":4357,"jax":346},[345],[348,4359,4363],{"style":350,"xmlns":351,"width":4360,"height":4361,"role":354,"focusable":355,"viewBox":4362},"4.525ex","1.667ex","0 -715 2000 737",[358,4364,4365],{"stroke":360,"fill":360,"stroke-width":361,"transform":362},[358,4366,4367,4375],{"dataMmlNode":365},[358,4368,4369,4371,4373],{"dataMmlNode":368},[370,4370],{"dataC":372,"d":373},[370,4372],{"dataC":1115,"d":1116,"transform":378},[370,4374],{"dataC":1462,"d":1463,"transform":1424},[358,4376,4377],{"dataMmlNode":1286,"dataMjxTexclass":1287,"transform":1427},[358,4378,4379],{"dataMmlNode":560},[370,4380],{"dataC":4381,"d":4382},"B0","M147 628Q147 669 179 692T244 715Q298 715 325 689T352 629Q352 592 323 567T249 542Q202 542 175 567T147 628ZM313 628Q313 660 300 669T259 678H253Q248 678 242 678T234 679Q217 679 207 674T192 659T188 644T187 629Q187 600 198 590Q210 579 250 579H265Q279 579 288 581T305 595T313 628Z"," )相等。在同一平面的碳原子还各剩下一个 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个碳原子、",[342,4569,4571],{"className":4570,"jax":346},[345],[348,4572,4573],{"style":350,"xmlns":351,"width":3402,"height":4292,"role":354,"focusable":355,"viewBox":4293},[358,4574,4575],{"stroke":360,"fill":360,"stroke-width":361,"transform":362},[358,4576,4577],{"dataMmlNode":365},[358,4578,4579],{"dataMmlNode":368},[370,4580],{"dataC":2096,"d":2097},[342,4582,4584],{"className":4583,"jax":346},[345],[348,4585,4586],{"style":546,"xmlns":351,"width":3449,"height":673,"role":354,"focusable":355,"viewBox":3450},[358,4587,4588],{"stroke":360,"fill":360,"stroke-width":361,"transform":362},[358,4589,4590,4594,4598],{"dataMmlNode":365},[358,4591,4592],{"dataMmlNode":439},[370,4593],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[358,4595,4596],{"dataMmlNode":560,"transform":3196},[370,4597],{"dataC":564,"d":565},[358,4599,4600],{"dataMmlNode":439,"transform":3201},[370,4601],{"dataC":691,"d":692},[318,4603,4604,4605,4632,4633],{},"石墨晶体中层与层之间相隔距离较大( 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键。有类似金属晶体的导电性",{"title":400,"searchDepth":4702,"depth":4702,"links":4703},2,[4704,4710],{"id":313,"depth":4702,"text":313,"children":4705},[4706,4708,4709],{"id":458,"depth":4707,"text":458},3,{"id":1176,"depth":4707,"text":1176},{"id":1353,"depth":4707,"text":1353},{"id":2767,"depth":4702,"text":2767,"children":4711},[4712,4713],{"id":3389,"depth":4707,"text":3389},{"id":4224,"depth":4707,"text":4225},null,"讲解共价键的概念、形成机制、类型包括σ键和π键的特点，以及极性共价键和配位共价键的区别。","md",{},true,{"title":54,"description":4715},"y6mMwnBvgGaK9qyr3CQ6mcelxAM4wPVMbBRoxjixQ4U",[4722,4724],{"title":50,"path":51,"stem":52,"description":4723,"children":-1},"讲解分子间作用力的概念、范德华力和氢键的特点、影响因素，以及对物质熔点、沸点和溶解性的影响。",{"title":58,"path":59,"stem":60,"description":4725,"children":-1},"介绍金属键的概念和本质、电子气理论解释金属的延展性、导电性和导热性，以及金属晶体的熔沸点、硬度和常见堆积结构。",1778558882623]