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46H255V0H247Z","translate(556,0)",[424,434],{"dataC":435,"d":436,"transform":437},"4F","M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 549T179 439Q174 411 174 354Q174 144 277 61Q327 20 385 20H389H391Q474 20 537 99Q603 188 603 354Q603 411 598 439Q577 592 467 647Z","translate(834,0)",[406,439,442,452],{"dataMmlNode":440,"transform":441},"msub","translate(1612,0)",[406,443,444],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,445,446],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,447,449],{"dataMmlNode":448},"mpadded",[406,450],{"dataMmlNode":451},"mphantom",[406,453,455],{"dataMmlNode":416,"transform":454,"dataMjxTexclass":417},"translate(33,-150) scale(0.707)",[406,456,457],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,458,459],{"dataMmlNode":448},[406,460,462],{"dataMmlNode":461},"mn",[424,463],{"dataC":464,"d":465},"32","M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"," 侵入地壳内的空洞冷却形成的。剖开水晶球，它的外层是看不到晶体外形的玛瑙，内层才是呈现晶体外形的水晶。不同的是，玛瑙是熔融态 ",[390,468,470],{"className":469,"jax":394},[393],[396,471,472],{"style":398,"xmlns":399,"width":400,"height":401,"role":402,"focusable":403,"viewBox":404},[406,473,474],{"stroke":408,"fill":408,"stroke-width":409,"transform":410},[406,475,476],{"dataMmlNode":413},[406,477,478,488],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,479,480],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,481,482,484,486],{"dataMmlNode":422},[424,483],{"dataC":426,"d":427},[424,485],{"dataC":430,"d":431,"transform":432},[424,487],{"dataC":435,"d":436,"transform":437},[406,489,490,498],{"dataMmlNode":440,"transform":441},[406,491,492],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,493,494],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,495,496],{"dataMmlNode":448},[406,497],{"dataMmlNode":451},[406,499,500],{"dataMmlNode":416,"transform":454,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,501,502],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,503,504],{"dataMmlNode":448},[406,505,506],{"dataMmlNode":461},[424,507],{"dataC":464,"d":465}," 快速冷却形成的，而水晶则是熔融态 ",[390,510,512],{"className":511,"jax":394},[393],[396,513,514],{"style":398,"xmlns":399,"width":400,"height":401,"role":402,"focusable":403,"viewBox":404},[406,515,516],{"stroke":408,"fill":408,"stroke-width":409,"transform":410},[406,517,518],{"dataMmlNode":413},[406,519,520,530],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,521,522],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,523,524,526,528],{"dataMmlNode":422},[424,525],{"dataC":426,"d":427},[424,527],{"dataC":430,"d":431,"transform":432},[424,529],{"dataC":435,"d":436,"transform":437},[406,531,532,540],{"dataMmlNode":440,"transform":441},[406,533,534],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,535,536],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,537,538],{"dataMmlNode":448},[406,539],{"dataMmlNode":451},[406,541,542],{"dataMmlNode":416,"transform":454,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,543,544],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,545,546],{"dataMmlNode":448},[406,547,548],{"dataMmlNode":461},[424,549],{"dataC":464,"d":465}," ，缓慢冷却形成的",[318,552,553,554,557,558,560,561,564,565,606,607,648],{},"本质原因：",[328,555,556],{},"晶体的自范性是晶体中原子、分子和离子等微粒在三维空间里呈现周期性有序排列的宏观表现"," 。相反， ",[328,559,358],{}," 中微粒的排列则相对无序，因而 ",[328,562,563],{},"无自范性"," 。例如，自然界中存在的各种石英晶体（晶体 ",[390,566,568],{"className":567,"jax":394},[393],[396,569,570],{"style":398,"xmlns":399,"width":400,"height":401,"role":402,"focusable":403,"viewBox":404},[406,571,572],{"stroke":408,"fill":408,"stroke-width":409,"transform":410},[406,573,574],{"dataMmlNode":413},[406,575,576,586],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,577,578],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,579,580,582,584],{"dataMmlNode":422},[424,581],{"dataC":426,"d":427},[424,583],{"dataC":430,"d":431,"transform":432},[424,585],{"dataC":435,"d":436,"transform":437},[406,587,588,596],{"dataMmlNode":440,"transform":441},[406,589,590],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,591,592],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,593,594],{"dataMmlNode":448},[406,595],{"dataMmlNode":451},[406,597,598],{"dataMmlNode":416,"transform":454,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,599,600],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,601,602],{"dataMmlNode":448},[406,603,604],{"dataMmlNode":461},[424,605],{"dataC":464,"d":465}," ）, 它们几乎都具有对称的六角形棱柱状的外形，而玻璃、玛瑙(非晶体 ",[390,608,610],{"className":609,"jax":394},[393],[396,611,612],{"style":398,"xmlns":399,"width":400,"height":401,"role":402,"focusable":403,"viewBox":404},[406,613,614],{"stroke":408,"fill":408,"stroke-width":409,"transform":410},[406,615,616],{"dataMmlNode":413},[406,617,618,628],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,619,620],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,621,622,624,626],{"dataMmlNode":422},[424,623],{"dataC":426,"d":427},[424,625],{"dataC":430,"d":431,"transform":432},[424,627],{"dataC":435,"d":436,"transform":437},[406,629,630,638],{"dataMmlNode":440,"transform":441},[406,631,632],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,633,634],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,635,636],{"dataMmlNode":448},[406,637],{"dataMmlNode":451},[406,639,640],{"dataMmlNode":416,"transform":454,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,641,642],{"dataMmlNode":416,"dataMjxTexclass":417},[406,643,644],{"dataMmlNode":448},[406,645,646],{"dataMmlNode":461},[424,647],{"dataC":464,"d":465}," )等就没有天然的、有规则的外形",[318,650,651,652,655,656,659,660,663,664,669],{},"各向异性：",[653,654],"br",{},"晶体内部微粒的排列呈现周期性，而 ",[328,657,658],{},"不同方向上的微粒排列情况是不同的","。因此，在晶体中，",[328,661,662],{},"不同的方向上具有不同的物理性质","，如导电性、导热性、硬度、解理性等",[384,665,666],{},[348,667,668],{},"例：石墨在与层平行的方向上的电导率数值约为在与层垂直的方向上的电导率数值的 1 万倍。云母晶体各个方向解理性不同，若沿两层平面的平行方向施加外力就容易剥离，若沿着垂直于平面的方向剥离就困难得多",[384,670,671],{},[348,672,673],{},"非晶体在各个方向上的物理性质都一致，显各向同性。例如，玻璃的折光率、热膨胀系数等，一般不随测定的方向而改变。",[318,675,676],{},"晶体有固定的熔点。",[318,678,679],{},"外形和内部质点排列的高度有序性。",[318,681,682],{},"晶体颗粒在纳米尺度时，颗粒大小越小，熔点越低",[311,684,685],{"id":685},"晶体与非晶体的辨别",[348,687,688],{},[328,689,690],{},"区分晶体和非晶体最好的方法：X-射线衍射",[348,692,693],{},[402,694],{"alt":695,"src":696,"style":697},"","https:\u002F\u002Fptg90phsi6rf8j7h.public.blob.vercel-storage.com\u002Fchemistry\u002F1.1.webp","width:500px",[311,699,700],{"id":700},"获得晶体的途径",[315,702,703,706,709],{},[318,704,705],{},"熔融态物质凝固",[318,707,708],{},"气态物质冷却不经液态直接凝固（凝华）",[318,710,711],{},"溶质从溶液中析出",[311,713,714],{"id":714},"晶胞",[315,716,717,720],{},[318,718,719],{},"概念：描述晶体结构的基本单元",[318,721,722,723,726,727],{},"晶胞与晶体的关系一般来说，晶胞都是 ",[328,724,725],{},"平行六面体","，整块晶体可以看作是数量巨大的晶胞「无隙并置」而成",[728,729,730,733,743],"ul",{},[318,731,732],{},"「无隙」是指相邻晶胞之间无任何间隙",[318,734,735,736,739,740],{},"「并置」是指所有晶胞都是 ",[328,737,738],{},"平行排列"," 的，",[328,741,742],{},"取向相同",[318,744,745,746,749,750,335,753,756],{},"所有晶胞的 ",[328,747,748],{},"形状"," 及其内部的原子 ",[328,751,752],{},"种类",[328,754,755],{},"个数"," 及几何排列是完全相同的",[348,758,759],{},[402,760],{"alt":695,"src":761,"style":762},"https:\u002F\u002Fptg90phsi6rf8j7h.public.blob.vercel-storage.com\u002Fchemistry\u002F1.2.webp","width:400px",[311,764,766],{"id":765},"晶胞中粒子数目的计算均摊法","晶胞中粒子数目的计算：均摊法",[348,768,769],{},"晶胞中粒子数目的计算：均摊法确定晶胞中粒子的个数",[348,771,772,773,792,793,828],{},"若晶胞中某个粒子为 ",[390,774,776],{"className":775,"jax":394},[393],[396,777,782],{"style":778,"xmlns":399,"width":779,"height":780,"role":402,"focusable":403,"viewBox":781},"vertical-align: -0.025ex;","1.357ex","1.025ex","0 -442 600 453",[406,783,784],{"stroke":408,"fill":408,"stroke-width":409,"transform":410},[406,785,786],{"dataMmlNode":413},[406,787,788],{"dataMmlNode":422},[424,789],{"dataC":790,"d":791},"1D45B","M21 287Q22 293 24 303T36 341T56 388T89 425T135 442Q171 442 195 424T225 390T231 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属于这个晶胞。",[348,830,831],{},"长方体形（正方体形）晶胞中不同位置的粒子对晶胞的贡献",{"title":695,"searchDepth":833,"depth":833,"links":834},2,[835,836,837,838,839,840],{"id":313,"depth":833,"text":313},{"id":362,"depth":833,"text":362},{"id":685,"depth":833,"text":685},{"id":700,"depth":833,"text":700},{"id":714,"depth":833,"text":714},{"id":765,"depth":833,"text":766},null,"介绍物质的聚集状态、晶体与非晶体的区别、晶体的特点如自范性和各向异性，以及晶胞的基本概念。","md",{},true,{"title":46,"description":842},"HCIg0jbhGFngPSD-vAGcuzJ4oqHlSdr2Z6A6V6gLbyQ",[849,850],{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37,"description":695,"children":-1},{"title":50,"path":51,"stem":52,"description":851,"children":-1},"讲解分子间作用力的概念、范德华力和氢键的特点、影响因素，以及对物质熔点、沸点和溶解性的影响。",1778558882531]