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237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z","）。在极性共价键中，成键原子吸引电子能力的差别越大，共用电子对偏移程度越大，共价键的极性越强",[330,403],{},[322,405,328],{},"：电子对不发生偏移的共价键",[408,409,410,414],"blockquote",{},[411,412,413],"p",{},"因此，电负性差值越大，极性越大",[411,415,416,417,470,471,492],{},"特别：",[336,418,420],{"className":419,"jax":340},[339],[342,421,426],{"style":422,"xmlns":345,"width":423,"height":424,"role":348,"focusable":349,"viewBox":425},"vertical-align: -0.375ex;","2.748ex","1.994ex","0 -716 1214.6 881.6",[352,427,428],{"stroke":354,"fill":354,"stroke-width":355,"transform":356},[352,429,430],{"dataMmlNode":359},[352,431,434,442],{"dataMmlNode":432,"dataMjxTexclass":433},"TeXAtom","ORD",[352,435,436],{"dataMmlNode":432,"dataMjxTexclass":433},[352,437,438],{"dataMmlNode":365},[367,439],{"dataC":440,"d":441},"4F","M56 340Q56 423 86 494T164 610T270 680T388 705Q521 705 621 601T722 341Q722 260 693 191T617 75T510 4T388 -22T267 3T160 74T85 189T56 340ZM467 647Q426 665 388 665Q360 665 331 654T269 620T213 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66Q165 21 238 21Q293 21 321 74Q338 107 338 175V195Q338 290 274 322Q259 328 213 329L171 330L168 332Q166 335 166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z"," 的 ",[336,472,474],{"className":473,"jax":340},[339],[342,475,480],{"style":476,"xmlns":345,"width":477,"height":478,"role":348,"focusable":349,"viewBox":479},"vertical-align: -0.05ex;","1.76ex","1.645ex","0 -705 778 727",[352,481,482],{"stroke":354,"fill":354,"stroke-width":355,"transform":356},[352,483,484],{"dataMmlNode":359},[352,485,486],{"dataMmlNode":432,"dataMjxTexclass":433},[352,487,488],{"dataMmlNode":432,"dataMjxTexclass":433},[352,489,490],{"dataMmlNode":365},[367,491],{"dataC":440,"d":441}," 电负性不同，之间形成极性共价键；但由于其极性微弱，它在四氯化碳中的溶解度高于在水中的溶解度",[318,494,495,496,325,499,502,550,552],{},"分子可分为 ",[322,497,498],{},"极性分子",[322,500,501],{},"非极性分子",[315,503,504,547],{},[318,505,506,507,526,527,546],{},"极性分子的正电中心和负电中心不重合，使分子的某一个部分呈正电性（",[336,508,510],{"className":509,"jax":340},[339],[342,511,512],{"style":344,"xmlns":345,"width":346,"height":347,"role":348,"focusable":349,"viewBox":350},[352,513,514],{"stroke":354,"fill":354,"stroke-width":355,"transform":356},[352,515,516],{"dataMmlNode":359},[352,517,518,522],{"dataMmlNode":362},[352,519,520],{"dataMmlNode":365},[367,521],{"dataC":369,"d":370},[352,523,524],{"dataMmlNode":373,"transform":374},[367,525],{"dataC":377,"d":378},"），另一部分呈负电性 (",[336,528,530],{"className":529,"jax":340},[339],[342,531,532],{"style":344,"xmlns":345,"width":346,"height":347,"role":348,"focusable":349,"viewBox":350},[352,533,534],{"stroke":354,"fill":354,"stroke-width":355,"transform":356},[352,535,536],{"dataMmlNode":359},[352,537,538,542],{"dataMmlNode":362},[352,539,540],{"dataMmlNode":365},[367,541],{"dataC":369,"d":370},[352,543,544],{"dataMmlNode":373,"transform":374},[367,545],{"dataC":399,"d":400},")",[318,548,549],{},"非极性分子的正电中心和负电中心重合",[330,551],{},[348,553],{"alt":554,"src":555,"style":556},"","https:\u002F\u002Fptg90phsi6rf8j7h.public.blob.vercel-storage.com\u002Fchemistry\u002F8.1.svg","width:100px",[311,558,559],{"id":559},"分子的极性的判断",[411,561,562,563],{},"判断分子的极性可依据分子中化学键的极性的 ",[322,564,565],{},"向量和",[315,567,568,668],{},[318,569,570,573,574],{},[322,571,572],{},"只含非极性键"," 的分子一定是非极性分子",[408,575,576],{},[411,577,578,579],{},"如：",[336,580,582],{"className":581,"jax":340},[339],[342,583,588],{"style":584,"xmlns":345,"width":585,"height":586,"role":348,"focusable":349,"viewBox":587},"vertical-align: -0.452ex;","14.499ex","2.149ex","0 -750 6408.7 950",[352,589,590],{"stroke":354,"fill":354,"stroke-width":355,"transform":356},[352,591,592,607,619,626,640,647,654],{"dataMmlNode":359},[352,593,594,600],{"dataMmlNode":444},[352,595,596],{"dataMmlNode":365},[367,597],{"dataC":598,"d":599},"1D43B","M228 637Q194 637 192 641Q191 643 191 649Q191 673 202 682Q204 683 219 683Q260 681 355 681Q389 681 418 681T463 682T483 682Q499 682 499 672Q499 670 497 658Q492 641 487 638H485Q483 638 480 638T473 638T464 637T455 637Q416 636 405 634T387 623Q384 619 355 500Q348 474 340 442T328 395L324 380Q324 378 469 378H614L615 381Q615 384 646 504Q674 619 674 627T617 637Q594 637 587 639T580 648Q580 650 582 660Q586 677 588 679T604 682Q609 682 646 681T740 680Q802 680 835 681T871 682Q888 682 888 672Q888 645 876 638H874Q872 638 869 638T862 638T853 637T844 637Q805 636 794 634T776 623Q773 618 704 340T634 58Q634 51 638 51Q646 48 692 46H723Q729 38 729 37T726 19Q722 6 716 0H701Q664 2 567 2Q533 2 504 2T458 2T437 1Q420 1 420 10Q420 15 423 24Q428 43 433 45Q437 46 448 46H454Q481 46 514 49Q520 50 522 50T528 55T534 64T540 82T547 110T558 153Q565 181 569 198Q602 330 602 331T457 332H312L279 197Q245 63 245 58Q245 51 253 49T303 46H334Q340 38 340 37T337 19Q333 6 327 0H312Q275 2 178 2Q144 2 115 2T69 2T48 1Q31 1 31 10Q31 12 34 24Q39 43 44 45Q48 46 59 46H65Q92 46 125 49Q139 52 144 61Q147 65 216 339T285 628Q285 635 228 637Z",[352,601,603],{"dataMmlNode":465,"transform":602},"translate(864,-150) scale(0.707)",[367,604],{"dataC":605,"d":606},"32","M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z",[352,608,610],{"dataMmlNode":432,"dataMjxTexclass":433,"transform":609},"translate(1267.6,0)",[352,611,612],{"dataMmlNode":373},[613,614,618],"text",{"dataVariant":615,"transform":356,"font-size":616,"font-family":617},"normal","884px","serif","、",[352,620,622],{"dataMmlNode":365,"transform":621},"translate(2267.6,0)",[367,623],{"dataC":624,"d":625},"1D436","M50 252Q50 367 117 473T286 641T490 704Q580 704 633 653Q642 643 648 636T656 626L657 623Q660 623 684 649Q691 655 699 663T715 679T725 690L740 705H746Q760 705 760 698Q760 694 728 561Q692 422 692 421Q690 416 687 415T669 413H653Q647 419 647 422Q647 423 648 429T650 449T651 481Q651 552 619 605T510 659Q484 659 454 652T382 628T299 572T226 479Q194 422 175 346T156 222Q156 108 232 58Q280 24 350 24Q441 24 512 92T606 240Q610 253 612 255T628 257Q648 257 648 248Q648 243 647 239Q618 132 523 55T319 -22Q206 -22 128 53T50 252Z",[352,627,629,635],{"dataMmlNode":444,"transform":628},"translate(3027.6,0)",[352,630,631],{"dataMmlNode":365},[367,632],{"dataC":633,"d":634},"1D459","M117 59Q117 26 142 26Q179 26 205 131Q211 151 215 152Q217 153 225 153H229Q238 153 241 153T246 151T248 144Q247 138 245 128T234 90T214 43T183 6T137 -11Q101 -11 70 11T38 85Q38 97 39 102L104 360Q167 615 167 623Q167 626 166 628T162 632T157 634T149 635T141 636T132 637T122 637Q112 637 109 637T101 638T95 641T94 647Q94 649 96 661Q101 680 107 682T179 688Q194 689 213 690T243 693T254 694Q266 694 266 686Q266 675 193 386T118 83Q118 81 118 75T117 65V59Z",[352,636,638],{"dataMmlNode":465,"transform":637},"translate(331,-150) scale(0.707)",[367,639],{"dataC":605,"d":606},[352,641,643],{"dataMmlNode":432,"dataMjxTexclass":433,"transform":642},"translate(3762.1,0)",[352,644,645],{"dataMmlNode":373},[613,646,618],{"dataVariant":615,"transform":356,"font-size":616,"font-family":617},[352,648,650],{"dataMmlNode":365,"transform":649},"translate(4762.1,0)",[367,651],{"dataC":652,"d":653},"1D435","M231 637Q204 637 199 638T194 649Q194 676 205 682Q206 683 335 683Q594 683 608 681Q671 671 713 636T756 544Q756 480 698 429T565 360L555 357Q619 348 660 311T702 219Q702 146 630 78T453 1Q446 0 242 0Q42 0 39 2Q35 5 35 10Q35 17 37 24Q42 43 47 45Q51 46 62 46H68Q95 46 128 49Q142 52 147 61Q150 65 219 339T288 628Q288 635 231 637ZM649 544Q649 574 634 600T585 634Q578 636 493 637Q473 637 451 637T416 636H403Q388 635 384 626Q382 622 352 506Q352 503 351 500L320 374H401Q482 374 494 376Q554 386 601 434T649 544ZM595 229Q595 273 572 302T512 336Q506 337 429 337Q311 337 310 336Q310 334 293 263T258 122L240 52Q240 48 252 48T333 46Q422 46 429 47Q491 54 543 105T595 229Z",[352,655,657,663],{"dataMmlNode":444,"transform":656},"translate(5521.1,0)",[352,658,659],{"dataMmlNode":365},[367,660],{"dataC":661,"d":662},"1D45F","M21 287Q22 290 23 295T28 317T38 348T53 381T73 411T99 433T132 442Q161 442 183 430T214 408T225 388Q227 382 228 382T236 389Q284 441 347 441H350Q398 441 422 400Q430 381 430 363Q430 333 417 315T391 292T366 288Q346 288 334 299T322 328Q322 376 378 392Q356 405 342 405Q286 405 239 331Q229 315 224 298T190 165Q156 25 151 16Q138 -11 108 -11Q95 -11 87 -5T76 7T74 17Q74 30 114 189T154 366Q154 405 128 405Q107 405 92 377T68 316T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z",[352,664,666],{"dataMmlNode":465,"transform":665},"translate(484,-150) scale(0.707)",[367,667],{"dataC":605,"d":606},[318,669,670,671,674],{},"含极性键的分子有没有极性，必须依据分子中极性键的极性的 ",[322,672,673],{},"向量和是否等于零"," 而定。当分子中各个键的极性的向量和等于零时，是非极性分子，否则是极性分子",[411,676,677],{},[348,678],{"alt":554,"src":679,"style":680},"https:\u002F\u002Fptg90phsi6rf8j7h.public.blob.vercel-storage.com\u002Fchemistry\u002F8.2.webp","width:470px",[315,682,684],{"start":683},3,[318,685,686,687,690],{},"也可以根据 ",[322,688,689],{},"分子的正电中心和负电中心是否重合"," 来判断它是否是极性分子",[411,692,693],{},"快速判断方法：",[315,695,696,1234],{},[318,697,698,699,732,733,736,737,740,741],{},"化合价法：",[336,700,702],{"className":701,"jax":340},[339],[342,703,708],{"style":704,"xmlns":345,"width":705,"height":706,"role":348,"focusable":349,"viewBox":707},"vertical-align: -0.357ex;","5.006ex","1.977ex","0 -716 2212.8 873.8",[352,709,710],{"stroke":354,"fill":354,"stroke-width":355,"transform":356},[352,711,712,718],{"dataMmlNode":359},[352,713,714],{"dataMmlNode":365},[367,715],{"dataC":716,"d":717},"1D434","M208 74Q208 50 254 46Q272 46 272 35Q272 34 270 22Q267 8 264 4T251 0Q249 0 239 0T205 1T141 2Q70 2 50 0H42Q35 7 35 11Q37 38 48 46H62Q132 49 164 96Q170 102 345 401T523 704Q530 716 547 716H555H572Q578 707 578 706L606 383Q634 60 636 57Q641 46 701 46Q726 46 726 36Q726 34 723 22Q720 7 718 4T704 0Q701 0 690 0T651 1T578 2Q484 2 455 0H443Q437 6 437 9T439 27Q443 40 445 43L449 46H469Q523 49 533 63L521 213H283L249 155Q208 86 208 74ZM516 260Q516 271 504 416T490 562L463 519Q447 492 400 412L310 260L413 259Q516 259 516 260Z",[352,719,721,725],{"dataMmlNode":444,"transform":720},"translate(750,0)",[352,722,723],{"dataMmlNode":365},[367,724],{"dataC":652,"d":653},[352,726,728],{"dataMmlNode":365,"transform":727},"translate(792,-150) scale(0.707)",[367,729],{"dataC":730,"d":731},"1D45A","M21 287Q22 293 24 303T36 341T56 388T88 425T132 442T175 435T205 417T221 395T229 376L231 369Q231 367 232 367L243 378Q303 442 384 442Q401 442 415 440T441 433T460 423T475 411T485 398T493 385T497 373T500 364T502 357L510 367Q573 442 659 442Q713 442 746 415T780 336Q780 285 742 178T704 50Q705 36 709 31T724 26Q752 26 776 56T815 138Q818 149 821 151T837 153Q857 153 857 145Q857 144 853 130Q845 101 831 73T785 17T716 -10Q669 -10 648 17T627 73Q627 92 663 193T700 345Q700 404 656 404H651Q565 404 506 303L499 291L466 157Q433 26 428 16Q415 -11 385 -11Q372 -11 364 -4T353 8T350 18Q350 29 384 161L420 307Q423 322 423 345Q423 404 379 404H374Q288 404 229 303L222 291L189 157Q156 26 151 16Q138 -11 108 -11Q95 -11 87 -5T76 7T74 17Q74 30 112 181Q151 335 151 342Q154 357 154 369Q154 405 129 405Q107 405 92 377T69 316T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"," 型分子中，",[322,734,735],{},"中心原子的化合价的绝对值"," 等于 ",[322,738,739],{},"该元素的价电子数"," 时该分子为非极性分子，此时分子的空间结构对称；若中心原子的化合价的绝对值不等于其价电子数，则分子的空间结构不对称，其分子为极性分子，具体实例如下：",[742,743,744,971],"table",{},[745,746,747],"thead",{},[748,749,750,754,786,819,857,887,915,945],"tr",{},[751,752,753],"th",{},"分子",[751,755,756],{},[336,757,759],{"className":758,"jax":340},[339],[342,760,764],{"style":422,"xmlns":345,"width":761,"height":762,"role":348,"focusable":349,"viewBox":763},"4.16ex","1.92ex","0 -683 1838.6 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",[336,3079,3081],{"className":3080,"jax":340},[339],[342,3082,3083],{"style":793,"xmlns":345,"width":1364,"height":1365,"role":348,"focusable":349,"viewBox":1366},[352,3084,3085],{"stroke":354,"fill":354,"stroke-width":355,"transform":356},[352,3086,3087],{"dataMmlNode":359},[352,3088,3089,3093],{"dataMmlNode":444},[352,3090,3091],{"dataMmlNode":365},[367,3092],{"dataC":598,"d":599},[352,3094,3095],{"dataMmlNode":465,"transform":602},[367,3096],{"dataC":605,"d":606}," 既不溶于水，也难溶于苯",[315,3099,3100,3239],{},[318,3101,3102,3103],{},"内因",[315,3104,3105,3148,3151],{},[318,3106,3107,3108,3129,3130,3147],{},"物质自身的结构，「相似相溶」还适用于分子结构的相似性。如低级醇（甲醇、乙醇等）可以与水以任意比互溶，而戊醇的烃基较大，其中的一个 ",[336,3109,3111],{"className":3110,"jax":340},[339],[342,3112,3116],{"style":476,"xmlns":345,"width":3113,"height":3114,"role":348,"focusable":349,"viewBox":3115},"3.735ex","1.643ex","0 -704 1651 726",[352,3117,3118],{"stroke":354,"fill":354,"stroke-width":355,"transform":356},[352,3119,3120,3124],{"dataMmlNode":359},[352,3121,3122],{"dataMmlNode":365},[367,3123],{"dataC":812,"d":813},[352,3125,3127],{"dataMmlNode":365,"transform":3126},"translate(763,0)",[367,3128],{"dataC":598,"d":599}," 与水分子的一个 ",[336,3131,3133],{"className":3132,"jax":340},[339],[342,3134,3135],{"style":476,"xmlns":345,"width":3113,"height":3114,"role":348,"focusable":349,"viewBox":3115},[352,3136,3137],{"stroke":354,"fill":354,"stroke-width":355,"transform":356},[352,3138,3139,3143],{"dataMmlNode":359},[352,3140,3141],{"dataMmlNode":365},[367,3142],{"dataC":812,"d":813},[352,3144,3145],{"dataMmlNode":365,"transform":3126},[367,3146],{"dataC":598,"d":599}," 的相似因素小得多，在水中的溶解度明显减小",[318,3149,3150],{},"如果溶质和溶剂之间形成氢键，则溶质在溶剂中的溶解度比较大。如果溶质分子不能与水分子形成氢键，则在水中的溶解度就比较小",[318,3152,3153,3154,3177,3178,3201,3202,3238],{},"化学反应—溶质与溶剂反应可增大溶解度。如 ",[336,3155,3157],{"className":3156,"jax":340},[339],[342,3158,3159],{"style":793,"xmlns":345,"width":864,"height":795,"role":348,"focusable":349,"viewBox":952},[352,3160,3161],{"stroke":354,"fill":354,"stroke-width":355,"transform":356},[352,3162,3163,3167],{"dataMmlNode":359},[352,3164,3165],{"dataMmlNode":365},[367,3166],{"dataC":874,"d":875},[352,3168,3169,3173],{"dataMmlNode":444,"transform":878},[352,3170,3171],{"dataMmlNode":365},[367,3172],{"dataC":812,"d":813},[352,3174,3175],{"dataMmlNode":465,"transform":816},[367,3176],{"dataC":605,"d":606}," 与 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870.6",[352,3210,3211],{"stroke":354,"fill":354,"stroke-width":355,"transform":356},[352,3212,3213,3223,3227],{"dataMmlNode":359},[352,3214,3215,3219],{"dataMmlNode":444},[352,3216,3217],{"dataMmlNode":365},[367,3218],{"dataC":598,"d":599},[352,3220,3221],{"dataMmlNode":465,"transform":602},[367,3222],{"dataC":605,"d":606},[352,3224,3225],{"dataMmlNode":365,"transform":609},[367,3226],{"dataC":874,"d":875},[352,3228,3230,3234],{"dataMmlNode":444,"transform":3229},"translate(1912.6,0)",[352,3231,3232],{"dataMmlNode":365},[367,3233],{"dataC":812,"d":813},[352,3235,3236],{"dataMmlNode":465,"transform":816},[367,3237],{"dataC":468,"d":469}," 等。",[318,3240,3241,3242],{},"外因",[315,3243,3244,3247],{},[318,3245,3246],{},"温度：一般来说，温度升高，固体物质的溶解度增大，气体物质的溶解度减小",[318,3248,3249],{},"压强：压强越大，气体的溶解度越大",[311,3251,3252],{"id":3252},"分子的手性",[315,3254,3255,3261,3281],{},[318,3256,3257,3258,3260],{},"手性异构体与手性分子",[330,3259],{},"具有完全相同的组成和原子排列的一对分子，如同左乎和右手一样互为镜像，在三维空间里不能叠合，互称手性异构体或对映异构体。有手性异构体的分子称为手性分子",[318,3262,3263,3264,3266,3267,3280],{},"手性分子的判断",[330,3265],{},"在一个有机物分子中，如果有 1 个碳原子分别连有 ",[336,3268,3270],{"className":3269,"jax":340},[339],[342,3271,3272],{"style":1006,"xmlns":345,"width":988,"height":1007,"role":348,"focusable":349,"viewBox":1008},[352,3273,3274],{"stroke":354,"fill":354,"stroke-width":355,"transform":356},[352,3275,3276],{"dataMmlNode":359},[352,3277,3278],{"dataMmlNode":465},[367,3279],{"dataC":1017,"d":1018}," 个不同的原子或基团，则该碳原子称为手性碳原子。名有手性碳原子的有机物分子即为手性分子。手性碳原子是产生手性的重要判断依据。",[318,3282,3283,3284],{},"手性分子的用途",[315,3285,3286,3289],{},[318,3287,3288],{},"构成生命体的有机分子绝大多数为手性分子。互为手性异构体的两个分子的性质不同",[318,3290,3291],{},"生成手性药物、手性催化剂（手性催化例只催化或主要催化一种手性分子的合成）",{"title":554,"searchDepth":3293,"depth":3293,"links":3294},2,[3295,3296,3297,3298,3299],{"id":313,"depth":3293,"text":313},{"id":559,"depth":3293,"text":559},{"id":1894,"depth":3293,"text":1894},{"id":2981,"depth":3293,"text":2982},{"id":3252,"depth":3293,"text":3252},null,"讲解共价键的极性和非极性、分子的极性判断方法，包括向量和和快速判断，以及手性分子的概念。","md",{},true,{"title":88,"description":3301},"aHf3nml238UZq-_njWkCKbFJ_BMzEF1k6YowcVovLI8",[3308,3310],{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86,"description":3309,"children":-1},"讲解杂化轨道理论的概念和目的、sp3、sp2、sp杂化的特点，以及中心原子和孤电子对对杂化的影响。",{"title":92,"path":93,"stem":94,"description":3311,"children":-1},"讲解配位键的概念和形成条件、配合物的组成包括中心原子、配体和配位数，以及配合物对物质溶解性和颜色的影响，补充超分子相关知识。",1778558883019]